TINNUNCULUS. 429 



Cerchneis tinnunculus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314; Shnr/n; ('at. B. M. 

 i, p. 425; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 3 ; Cripps, S. F. \ii. p. :Mi' : 

 Hume, Cat. no. 17 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 223 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl. 

 p. 114; Barnes, S.F.ix, p. 214; Butler, ibid. p. 370; Biddulph. 

 Ibis, 1881, p. 40 ; Scully, ibid. p. 418 ; Reid, S. F. x, p. 5 ; Davison, 

 ibid. p. 334 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 4; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 18 ; id. 

 Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. iii. p. 211. 



Tinnunculus alaudarius, Blyth, Cat. p. 15 ; Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, p. 13 : 

 Jerdon, B. I. i, p. 38 ; Hume, Rough Notes, p. 96 ; Blanf. J. A. . /, 

 xli, pt. 2, p. 41 ; Cock $ Marsh, ti. F. i, p. 349 ; Brooks, S. F. iii. 

 p. 28 ; Hume # Bourd. S. F. iv, p. 355 ; Butler, S. F. v, p. 1'i'f, : 

 Wardl. Rams. Ibis, 1877, p. 453 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1881, p. 456 ; Oates, 

 B. B. ii, p. 217 ; id. in Hume's N. # E. 2nd ed. iii, p. 195. 



Falco interatinctus, McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 154. 



Tinnunculus saturatus, Blyth, J.A.S. B. xxviii, p. 277 ; id. Ibis, 1866, 

 p. 238 ; Blyth & Wald. Birds Burm. p. 59 ; Hume, S. F v, p. 129 ; 

 vi, p. 3; id. Cat. no. 17 bis. 



Cerchneis alaudarius, Hume, S. F. iv, p. 460. 



Karontia, Koruttia, Khermutia, II. in the North ; Narzi $ , Karzinak 

 <$ , H. in the South ; Tondala-muchi-yedda, Tondala-doshi-gadu, Tel. ; 

 Ting-kyi, Lepcha ; Gyo-thane, Burmese. 



Coloration. Adult male. Forehead and lores yellowish white ; 

 crown, nape, and sides of neck ashy grey with narrow black shaft- 

 lines ; a dark grey cheek-stripe ; ear-coverts and cheeks white to 

 silvery grey with some darker streaks ; back, scapulars, and wing- 

 coverts brick-red with a vinous or pink tinge and with scattered 

 triangular black spots ; rump and upper tail-coverts ashy grey ; 

 tail-feathers the same above, whitish beneath, with a broad sub- 

 terminal black band and white tips ; quills dark brown, with bar- 

 like white indentations on their inner webs, basal portion chiefly 

 white ; lower parts buff to rufous fawn, with brown streaks on the 

 upper breast passing into spots on the lower breast and flanks : 

 throat and lower abdomen unspotted ; wing-lining white, with a few 

 black spots. 



Female. Kufous above varying in tint, with black streaks on the 

 head and black transverse bands on the rest of the upper parts and 

 on the tail ; the latter has a broad subterminal black band, not so 

 wide as in the male ; quills and lower surface as in the male, but the 

 spots on the breast are larger and more numerous. In old females 

 the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail are more or less tinged with 

 bluish grey. 



Young males are like females: the tail becomes bluish grey 

 before the head does. Some males that appear perfectly adult 

 have the head tinged with rufous. 



In India and Burma, as in Africa, Kestrels that are resident are 

 often darker in colour than migrants : the rufous above is deeper 

 and the lower surface is brownish rufous. A Moulmein female of 

 this kind was the type of Blyth's T. saturatus. 



Bill bluish black; the gape, cere, and eyelids yellow ; ind 

 legs orange-yellow, claws black. 



Length of male about 14 ; tail 6-75 : wing 9-5 ; tarsus 1-5 ; mid- 

 toe 1 ; bill from gape -85. The female is scarcely larger. 



Distribution. The Kestrel breeds throughout the entire Palae- 



