260 CHAEADEIIDJE. 



1460. Totanns hypoleucus. The Common Sandpiper. 



Tring-a hypoleucos, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 250 (1766). 



Actitis hypoleucus, Illiyer, Prod. p. 262 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 267 ; Jerdon, 



B. 1, iii, p. 699 ; lyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 169 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 



xli, pt. 2, p. 253 ; Hume fy Benders. Lah. to York. p. 289 ; Walden, 



Ibis, 1873, p. 317 ; Butler, S. F. iv, p. 18, v, p. 233 ; JBall, S. F. 



vii, p. 228. 

 Totanus hypoleucus, Temm.Man. d'Orn. p. 424 ; Brooks, J. A. S. B. 



xli, pt. 2, p. 86 ; JBinyham, S. F. ix, p. 197 : tSeebohm, Charadr. 



p. 371. - 



Tringoides hypoleucus, Bonap. Sayyio Distr. Meth. p. 58; Hume, 



N. $ E. p. C88 ; id. S. F. i, p. 247 ; Adam, ibid. p. 397 ; Hume, 



S. F. ii, p. 299 ; Armstrong, 8. F. iv, p. 344 Hume, ibid. p. 4(55 ; 



JTwwze Sf Dav. S. F. vi, pp. 463, 521 ; Hume, Cat. no. 893 ; Scully, 



S. F. viii, p. 358 ; Ley ye, Birds Ceyl. p. 867 ; Vidal, S. F. ix, p. 86 ; 



Doiff, ibid. p. 282 ; Butler, ibid. p. 430 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 97, 



1882, p. 289 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 589 ; Reirt, S. F. x, p. 71 ; 



Davison, ibid. p. 414 ; Gates, B. B. ii, p. 399 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. 



p. 359; Hume,S.F. xi, p. 324; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 177; 



Oates in Humes N. $ E. 2nd ed. iii, p. 352 ; Sharpe, York. Miss., 



Arcs, p. 141 ; id. Cat. B. M. xxiv, p. 456. 



Pottiulanka, Tel.; Kotan, Tarn. (Ceylon). 



Coloration in winter. Whole upper parts, including rump, upper 

 tail-coverts and tail brown with a distinct olive tinge, slightly 

 glossy, the feathers dark-shafted, and those of the lower back and 

 rump, the scapulars, terliaries, wing-coverts, and middle tail- 

 feathers with a subterminal dark bar and pale or whitish tip ; edges 

 of tertiaries and middle rectrices in fresh plumage spotted with 

 black and buff alternately towards the end; bastard wing, primary - 

 coverts, and primaries dark brown, the two former and all greater 

 coverts tipped white ; part of inner webs of all primaries except 

 the first white ; secondaries white, with a broad subterminal brown 

 band, disappearing partly or wholly on some of the inner quills ; 

 outer tail-feathers banded dark brown and white; a broad but 

 indistinct pale supercilium ; sides of head, of neck, and of breast 

 ashy brown, streaked darker; lower parts including axillaries white; 

 some narrow dark shaft-stripes on fore neck. 



In summer the upper parts are darker and less olive, with 

 broader dark shaft-stripes and cross-bars, and the fore neck and 

 breast are strongly striated with brown. 



Bill greyish brown, darker at tip and with a greenish tinge at 

 base ; irides brown ; legs pale green (Oates). 



Length 8 ; tail 2'2 ; wing 4'25 ; tarsus -95 ; bill from gape I'l. 



Distribution. Throughout the greater part of the Eastern 

 Hemisphere, breeding in temperate regions and migrating in winter 

 to S. Africa, S. Asia, and Australia. This Sandpiper is common 

 throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma in the cold season, less 

 abundant in North India than T. ochropus, but much more so in 

 Southern India, Ceylon, and Burma. It is very common around 

 the Andaman Islands on the sea-shore. 



HabitSy $c< Usually a solitary bird, found chiefly on the banks 



