264 CHARADEIID.'E. 



Length 10 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 5-5 ; tarsus 2 ; bill from gape 1-7. 



Distribution. The breeding area of this species extends from 

 South-eastern France, through South Russia and Central Asia, to 

 Southern Siberia. In winter T. staynatilis ranges throughout 

 Africa, Southern Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia. 

 It is locally distributed in India and Burma at that season, but is 

 abundant in Ceylon. 



Habits, #c. The Marsh Sandpiper, as its name implies, is rather 

 a bird of inland marshes and freshwater pools than of the mud- 

 flats and sandbanks of estuaries and the sea-coast, though it is 

 found in all. It is generally met with in small flocks, sometimes 

 singly, and is an active, vivacious, noisy little bird. 



1464. Totanus calidris. The Redshank. 

 Scolopax calidris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i,p. 245 (1766). 



i. A. , (. xli, pt. 2, p. 203 ; Jlume, 8. . i, p. iT4 ; Adam, ibid. 

 p. 397 ; Hume, S. F. ii, p. 299 ; Adam, ibid. p. 339 ; Blyth fy WaU. 

 Birds Burm. p. 155 ; Butler, S. F. iv, p. 18 ; v, p. 233 ; Armstrong, 

 ibid.-p. 348 ; Hume $ Dav, S. F. vi, p. 464; Cripps, S. F.\\\, p. 304 ; 

 Hume, ibid. p. 488 ; id. Cat. no. 897 ; Leqge* Birds Cei/l. p. 852 ; 



Vidal, 8. F. ix, p. SQ ; Butler, ibid, p.' 430; Scully, Ibis, 1881, 

 p. 589 ; Reid. S. F. x, p. 71 ; Davids, ibid. p. 321 ; Taylor, ibid. 

 p. 466 ; Biddulph, His, 1882, p. 289 ; Gates, B. B. ii, p. 404 ; 

 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 360; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 325; Seebohm, 



Charadr. p. 353 ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 177 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 

 xxiv, p. 414. 



Cnota batdn, H. ; Mali kotan, Tarn. ; Maha watuwct, Cing". 



Coloration in winter. Upper parts brown, more or less tinged 

 with ashy ; scapulars and tertiaries pale, edged with small blackish 

 spots at regular intervals ; wing-coverts with white edges broken 

 by blackish spots ; lores brown like the forehead ; supercilia from 

 the bill white ; sides of face white, streaked with brown ; bastard 

 wing, primary-coverts, and primaries dark brown ; inner margin 

 of primaries mottled with white ; inner primaries largely, and 

 secondaries entirely white ; lower back and rump white ; upper 

 tail-coverts and tail barred brown and white ; middle tail-feathers 

 barred dark and light brown ; lower parts white ; sides of neck, 

 fore neck, and upper breast streaked with brown ; a few streaks 

 on the flanks and lower tail-coverts. 



Young birds have reddish -brown edges to the feathers of the 

 upper parts and fulvous markings on the wing-coverta and tertiaries ; 

 there are also brown spots on the fore neck and breast, and bars 

 on the flanks. 



In summer the upper plumage becomes brown mixed with 

 rufous, and with dark brown streaks, that become shaft-stripes 

 with oblique bars on each side on the scapulars and tertiaries ; 

 the lower plumage is spotted with brown, especially on the breast. 



Bill black ; base of upper mandible reddish ; irides brown ; legs 

 and feet orange-red. 



