TOT ANUS. 265 



Length 11 ; tail 2*4; wing 6*25 ; tarsus 1'9 ; bill from gape 1/9. 



Distribution. The Redshank breeds throughout the greater part 

 of Europe and in Central Asia from Asia Minor to S.E. Siberia, 

 and in winter migrates to Africa, Southern Asia, and the Malayan 

 Archipelago. It is found commonly in the cold season in suitable 

 parts of India, Ceylon, and Burma, especially near the sea-coast 

 and in marshy parts of the plains traversed by the great rivers. 



Habits, Sfc. This species is found singly or in small or large 

 flocks ; it is very wary, and may be recognized by its loud call 

 and by the white on its wings. 



1465. Totanus fuscus. The Spotted Rcdikarik. 



S.:olopax fusca, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 243 (1766). 



Totanus fuscus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. pt. 2, p. 286; myth, Cat. 



p. 266 ; Jet-don, B. I. iii, p. 702 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. 2, 



p. 253; Hume, S. F. i, p. 248 ; Adam, ibid. p. 397 ; Butler, S. F. 



iv, p. 18; v, p. 233; Cockburn, S. F. iv, p. 509; Hume fy Dav. 



>S'. F. vi, p. 463 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 229 ; Hume, Cat. no. 896 ; 



Le'jc/e, Birds Ceyl. p. 848; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 97; Reid, 



S. F. x, p. 71 ; Macyreyor, ibid. p. 441 ; Gates, B. B. ii, p. 405 ; 



Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 360; Seebohm, Charadr. p. 351; Sharpe, 



Cat. B. M. xxiv, p. 409. 



Batdn, Gatni, Surma, H. ; Yerra kal ttlanka, Tel. 



Coloration in winter. Narrow forehead, crown, hind neck, and 

 back ashy brown ; lores darker ; a small black spot in front of the 

 eye ; supercilia from base of bill white ; wing-coverts, scapulars, 

 and tertiaries like back, but bordered with black and white, the 

 latter outside ; on the greater coverts, scapulars, and tertiaries 

 the white border is broken and alternates with black spots at 

 regular intervals : bastard wing, primary-coverts, and primaries 

 dark brown ; inner borders of primaries mottled with white ; later 

 primaries and secondaries imperfectly barred white and brown ; 

 lower back and rump white ; upper tail-coverts barred black and 

 white; tail ashy brown, incompletely barred with white and dark 

 brown on both edges ; lower plumage white ; fore neck, sides of 

 neck, and upper breast indistinctly spotted and mottled with 

 brown, and flanks tinged with dusky and barred. 



Young birds have more white edges and spots on the upper 

 parts, and the lower parts are broadly barred with dull brown. 



In summer the whole plumage becomes partly by a moult, partly 

 by change of colour, dusky, and white spots appear on the edges of 

 the blackish back-feathers ; the head, neck, and lower parts are 

 dark sooty-grey. 



Bill very dark brown ; basal half of lower mandible dusky red ; 

 irides brown; legs and feet orange-red (Oates). Legs dark red in 

 breeding-plumage. 



Length 13 ; tail 2-5 ; wing 6'75 ; tarsus 2-3 ; bill from gape 2-5. 



Distribution. The Spotted Redshank breeds north of the Arctic 

 circle in Europe and Asia, and in winter migrates to the countries 

 around the Mediterranean and to Southern Asia. It is common 



