PELECANUS. 335 



Distribution. Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and South- 

 western Asia. Some of the White Pelicans found in Northern 

 India in the cold season belong apparently to this species, but the 

 greater number are intermediate in size and other characters 

 between P. onocrotalus and P. roseus. 



1522. Pelecanus crispus. The Dalmatian Pelican. 

 (Fig. 75, p. 331.) 



Pelecanus crispus, Bruch, Isis, 1832, p. 1109; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1868, 

 p. 267 ; Hume, Ibis, 1868, p. 235 ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 582 ; 

 Hume, S. F. i, p. 288 ; iv, pp. 33, 40 ; vii, pp. 98. 448 ; id. Cat. 

 no. 1004 bis ; Reid, S. F. x, p. 87 ; Hume. ibid. p. 494 ; Doig, ibid. 

 p. 503 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 436. 



Coloration. Silvery white ; the back-feathers, scapulars, greater 

 and median wing-coverts, tertiaries, and upper tail-coverts with 

 black shafts ; primaries and primary-coverts black, ends of secondary 

 quills ashy brown, whitish on edges ; tail pure white in old birds. 

 Feathers of head and neck soft and curly, without any dark bases ; 

 crest broad and thick, but not long. There appears to be no change 

 of plumage at the breeding-season, except the assumption of a yellow 

 breast-patch of lengthened feathers. 



Young birds are more or less brown on the upper parts, wings, 

 arid tail, and the neck-feathers have dark bases. The adult plumage 

 is gradually assumed, and in this and other Pelicans requires three 

 or four years for completion. 



Bill in adults dusky plumbeous ; edges of upper and lower 

 mandibles for the terminal two-thirds yellowish ; nail orange ; 

 pouch light primrose to pale fleshy, but in the breeding-season 

 deep orange-red ; cheeks and orbits yellow ; irides white ; legs and 

 feet pale plumbeous. In young birds the bill is horny brown or 

 grey, lower mandible and pouch creamy white, cheeks and orbits 

 the same, irides pale yellow (Hume). 



Length of male 72 ; tail 9 ; wing 28 ; tarsus 4*5 ; bill from 

 gape 17. Females are smaller : wing 26 ; bill 14. 



Distribution. South-eastern Europe, Northern Africa, and South- 

 western Asia as far east as India. This Pelican is a winter visitor 

 to Oudh, the North-west Provinces, the Punjab, Sind, and Baluch- 

 istan, and abounds at the season nam^d in the dhundhs or marshes 

 of Siud, on the Indus, and on the Makran coast. Either this or 

 P. onocrotalus breeds near Fao, at the head of the Persian Gulf. 



1523. Pelecanus philippensis. The Spotted-billed Pelican. 



p. 324 ; Butler 8f Hume, S. F. iv, p. 33; Oates, S. F. v, p. 16 

 Hume $ D(w. S. F. vi, p. 495 ; Oates, S. F. vii, p. 41 ; Dav. 

 Wend. ibid. p. 93; Hume, Cat, no. 1004; Butler, S. F. ix,p.442; 

 Reid, S. F. x, p. 87 ; Oates, ibid. p. 247 ; Hume, ibid. pp. 499, 501 ' 

 id. S. F. xi, p. 3-51 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 438. 



