188 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



wood, grouped about some taller sumac, Juneberry, and juniper, 

 would supply fruit throughout the year. Moreover, in almost any 

 part of the United States, this combination can be made by the use 

 of native species alone. 



The problem that confronts the prospective planter of trees and 

 shrubs to attract birds is the selection of the species most suitable 

 for his particular locality. By reference to the descriptions below 

 it is possible in most cases to determine the life zone to which his 

 locality belongs. Then, from the corresponding list of trees and 

 shrubs (given below) the species best suited to that area may be 

 learned. The lists are by no means complete; usually but a single 

 species of a genus is mentioned, when perhaps half a dozen or more 

 are available. It is attempted, however, in every case to name the 

 most satisfactory species, having due regard to its value as bird food 

 and to its wide distribution and hardiness in the area named. 



The Canadian zone is the warmest or southernmost division of the 

 Boreal region and the most northerly life zone of agricultural im- 

 portance. It " comprises the southern part of the great transconti- 

 nental coniferous forest of Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New 

 Hampshire, and Michigan, a strip along the Pacific coast reaching 

 as far south at least as Cape Mendocino, in California, and the 

 greater part of the high mountains of the United States and Mexico. 

 In the East it covers the Green Mountains, Adirondacks, and Cats- 

 kills, and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, 

 Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. In the 

 mountains of the West it covers the lower slopes in the north and the 

 higher slopes in the south. In the Rocky Mountain region it appears 

 to reach continuously from British Columbia to west central Wyo- 

 ming ; and in the Cascade Range, from British Columbia to southern 

 Oregon, with a narrow interruption along the Columbia River." a 



Plants useful for attracting birds in that part of the Canadian 

 zone east of the Rocky Mountains are : 



Juniper (Juniperus communis), black currant (Ribes lacustre), mountain ash 

 (Pyrus americana), Juneberry (Amelanchier canadensis), blackberry (Rubus 

 canadensis ) , red raspberry (Rubus strigosus), choke cherry (Prunus vir- 

 (jiniana) , bird cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica) , sumach (Rhus glabra), buffalo 

 berry (Shepherdia canadensis), sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), bearberry 

 (Arctostaphylos uvaursi), dwarf bilberry (Vaccinium cwspitosum), hobble 

 bush (Viburnum alnifolium), red osier (Cornus stolonifcra) , and elders (Sam- 

 bucus canadensis and S. pubens). 



In the Rocky Mountain region and westward the following species 

 are available: 



Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) , currant (Ribes viscosissimum) , 

 mountain ash (Pyrus sitchensis), service berry (Amelanchier alnifolia), ever- 

 green blackberry (Rubus vitifolius), cherry (Prunus emarginata), buckthorn 



Merriam, C. Hart. Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States, Bull. 

 10, Biological Survey, p. 19, 1898. 



