PLANTS USEFUL TO ATTRACT BIRDS. 189 



(RJtamnus alnifolia), the same bearberry, bilberry, red osier, and buffalo berry 

 as above, snowberry (Symphoricarpos acutus), and elder (Sambucus melano- 

 carpa). 



" The Transition zone * * * is the transcontinental belt in 

 which Boreal and Austral elements overlap. From New England 

 to the northern Rocky Mountains its course is fairly even and regular, 

 but west of the Great Plains it is tortuous and irregular. The zone 

 as a whole is characterized by comparatively few distinctive animals 

 and plants, but rather by the occurrence together of southern species 

 which here find their northern limit and northern species which here 

 find their southern limit. It may be subdivided into three faunal 

 areas, which, although grading into one another, are in the main 

 strikingly different: (a) An eastern humid or Alleghenian area; 

 (b) a western arid area; (c) a Pacific coast humid area. 



" The eastern humid or Alleghenian area comprises the greater 

 part of New England, southeastern Ontario, New York, Pennsyl- 

 vania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, north- 

 eastern South Dakota, and the Alleghenies from Pennsylvania to 

 Georgia." a 



In the Alleghenian faunal area the following species of fruit-bear- 

 ing shrubs may be used to attract birds : 



Red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) , mulberry (Morus rubra), pokeberry (Phy- 

 lolacca decandra), barberry (Berberis vulgaris), sassafras (Sassafras varii- 

 folium), spice bush (Benzoin cestivale), black currant (Ribes floridum), moun- 

 tain ash (Pyrus americana), service berry (Amelanchier canadensis), black- 

 berry (Rubus villosus), raspberries (Rubus occidentalis and R. strigosus), 

 black cherry (Prunus serotina), choke cherry (Prunus virginiana), sumach 

 (Rhus glabra), black alder (Ilex verticillata) , buckthorn (Rhamnus carolini- 

 ana), Virginia creeper (Psedera quinque folia), frost grapes (Vitis cordifolia 

 and V. vulpina), fox grape (Vitis labrusca), sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), 

 dogwood (Cornus alternifolia) , bearberry (Arctostaphylos uvaursl), dangle- 

 berry (Gaylussacia frondosa), blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum and V. 

 pennsylvanicam), snowberry (Symphoricarpus raccmosus), sheepberry (Vibur- 

 num lentago) , and elders (Sambucus oanadensis and S. pubens). 



" The western or arid division of the Transition zone comprises the 

 western part of the Dakotas, northern Montana east of the Rocky 

 Mountains, southern Assiniboia, small areas in southern Manitoba 

 and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great Basin and the plateau 

 region generally (except the Boreal Mountains), the eastern base of 

 the Cascade-Sierra system, and local areas still farther west, in Ore- 

 gon and California, w r here it merges into the humid Pacific Coast 

 division." & 



The sage hen, sharp-tailed grouse, and green-tailed towhee are 

 characteristic birds ; that is, their range is practically confined to the 

 arid Transition area. Many other species occur, however, and those 

 desiring to attract them will find the following shrubs and vines 

 serviceable : 



Juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) , barberry (Berberis repens), currant (Ribes 

 (cream), service berry (Amelanchier florida), red raspberry (Rubus strigosus), 

 choke cherry (Prunus demissa), aromatic sumach (RJius trilobata), grape 



a MeiTiam, C. Hart. Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States, Bull. 

 10, Biological Survey, p. 20, 1898. 

 6 Ibid., p. 25. 



