PLANTS USEFUL TO ATTRACT BIRDS. 191 



blackberry (Rubus viUosus), raspberry (Rubus occidewtalis), black cherry 

 (Prunus serotina), sumach (Rims ghibra and R. copalUna), black alder (Ilex 

 rcrlicilldfa) , buckthorn ( IfhiniiiiiiN <'tir<tlini<in<t), Virginia creeper (Psedera 

 (litiiuincfolid), frost grape ( l''//.s- -1-nlpina), summer grape (I'/V/.s- n-niir<ili*), fox 

 grape (Vitis labrtisca), sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), dogwood (Cornu* 

 asperifoUa, C. floridci, and C. altcrnifolia), sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica), dangle- 

 beiTy {(iniilHNxacia fr<nl<><i ) , blueberries (Vaccinium corjimboxiim and V. 

 nicilliHiN). snowberry (Symphoricarpus wo/io*//*), viburnum (Viburnum 

 (iccrifoliiun and I', itnniiffrtinni), and elder (Sambucus canadensis). 



" The Upper Sonoran f aimal area * * * of the Western States 

 and Territories is the arid-land continuation of the Carolinian areo 

 of the more humid Eastern States. * * * Beginning in the neigh- 

 borhood of the one hundredth meridian, it covers most of the great 

 plains in eastern Montana and Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota, 

 western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, and eastern Colo- 

 rado and New Mexico. In Oregon and Washington it covers the 

 plains of the Columbia, and the Malheur and Harney plains; in 

 California it encircles the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and 

 forms a narrow belt along the eastern boundary of the Colorado and 

 Mohave deserts ; in Utah it covers the Salt Lake and Sevier deserts ; 

 in Idaho, the Snake Plains; and in Nevada and Arizona, irregular 

 areas of suitable elevation." a 



'The following plants are recommended for use in this region: 



Juniper (Junipcrux monospcrma and J. calif ornica) , hackberry (Celtis reti- 

 culata), mulberry (Morns rabra), barberry (Berberis fendleri), golden currant 

 (Ribes aureum), service berry (Amclanchier utahensis), red raspberry (Rubus 

 Ktriflosus), choke cherry (Prunus dcmissa), aromatic sumach (Rhus trilobata), 

 buckthorn (Rhamnus tomcntclla and R. smithi), Virginia creeper (Psedera 

 quinquefolia) , red osier (Cornus stolonifera ) , manzanita (Arctostaphylos man- 

 z'unita and A. viscida), snowberry (Symphoricarpos racemosiis), and elder 

 (Sambucus glavca). 



" The Lower Austral zone occupies the southern part of the United 

 States, from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of Cali- 

 fornia. It is interrupted by the Continental Divide in eastern Ari- 

 zona and western New Mexico, and is divided, according to condi- 

 tions of humidity, into an eastern or Austroriparian and a western 

 or Lower Sonoran area. 



"The Lower Sonoran area begins with the arid region 

 of Texas in the neighborhood of longitude 98, and stretches west- 

 erly to the Rio Grande Valley, in which it sends an arm northwest 

 to a point a little north of Albuquerque, N. Mex. Another arm 

 reaches up the valley of the Pecos. West of the Rio Grande Valley 

 in New Mexico the Lower Sonoran is interrupted by the Continental 

 Divide. 'It begins again in eastern Arizona and sweeps broadly 

 westward below the high plateau, covering southern and western 

 Arizona, the deserts of southern Nevada and eastern California, and 

 the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys." 6 



The Lower Sonoran faunal area has few native fruit-bearing 

 shrubs and trees, but some of them are of more than ordinary value 

 as bird food. The following, including several extralimital species 



" Merriam, C. Hart. Life /ones and Crop Zones of the United States, Bull. 

 10, Biological Survey, p. 36, 1898. 

 & Ibid., p. 41. 



