DERIVATION OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA 397 



selii, Galium masafuerajtuni and 6 Erigeron. The Boreal character of these genera 

 is recognized. This element extended south along the precursors of the late Tertiary 

 mountains; the species of Agrostisi^^ Spergularia, Berberis, Cardamine and Ga- 

 lium have their closest relatives either in the tropical Andes [Berberis] or in Chile. 

 Erigerofi deserves special attention on account of the large number of Andean 

 species nearly related to each other but less so to the insular group, which shows 

 a remarkable differentiation: E.fruticosus and its cognate luteoviridis, the three 

 herbaceous rosette herbs, and the peculiar E. rupicola of the coast rocks; of these 

 fruticosus is found on both islands and the other species endemic on Masafuera. 



Nine non-endemic species, all found in Chile, also belong here, Trisctum, Carex 

 Banksii, Pa^'onychia, Cardami^ie flaccid a, Callitriche, Rubus, Empeirum, Calysiegia 

 and Gnaphalium, and, among the ferns, perhaps Cysiopteris. Rubus geoides forms 

 together with R. radicans an isolated section but has a more southerly distribution 

 but all may have reached Juan Fernandez from South Chile. 



Finally, Cuminia remains to be accounted for. Whether w^e link it with the 

 palaeotropical Prasioideae, which seems to be the best way, or with Bystropogon, 

 it stands out as an isolated relict genus. 



I have distinguished a large Antarcto-tertiary element, over 40 % of the 

 angiosperms and 60 % of the ferns. Among the former there are three or, if Lac- 

 toris is kept aside, two groups; one of them (i) is still represented in South 

 America, the other (2) not. In (i) tw^o types can be distinguished, (a) not confined 

 to subantarctic or alpine habitats and demanding a milder climate; to this lot I 

 refer Uncinia Douglasii and costata, Drimys, Phrygila7itkus, Escallonia, Margyri- 

 carpus, Sophora, Guiuicra, Apium, Pernettya, and possibly Planiago fernandezia. 

 All have relatives in Chile. To these are added the species also occurring on the 

 mainland: Danthonia, Koeleria, Juncus, Libertia, Acaena ovalifolia (indigenous?)^ 

 Centella and Nertera\ the two grasses are, however, only tentatively referred to 

 this element. 



The occurrence of an Antarctic element in the Eocene flora of the mainland 

 has been demonstrated. Berry lists Araucaria, Libocedrus, Drimys, Embothrium, 

 Laurelia and Eucryphia from the Pichileufu beds; even if the "magnolia stock" 

 is of Boreal origin this does not exclude the possibility that the Winteraceae 

 radiated from Antarctica, a parallel case to Fagaceae and Nothofagus. 



If we follow COPELANI) many of the ferns also belong to i a: Hymenoglossum, 

 five species of Hymeiwphyllum, Lopkosoria, Polystichum, Bleclnium, Hypolepis, 

 Histiopteris, Gleichenia pedalis (indigenous.-) and Lycopodium scariosum. 



Group 1 b includes the so-called Subantarctic-Magellanian element inhabiting 

 Fuegia, the Falkland Islands, etc. ranging north along the Andes and belonging 

 to a well-knowm circumpolar assemblage of genera and species. Here we find 

 Oreobolus, Uncijiia brevicaulis, phleoides and tenuis, and Lagenophora hirsuta, 

 further three endemic species, Acaeiia masafuerana, Abrotaiiella crassipes, both 

 with near relatives in West Patagonia-Fuegia, finally Agrostis masafuerana, if its 

 relation to the bicentric A. magellanica is confirmed after monographic treat- 

 ment. I brought it to the boreal group. The following pteridophytes are attached 



