DERIVATION OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA 40I 



ism is high. In the fauna of the mainland Antarctic affinities have been stated 

 to occur (Berland 2j. 1044): 



The New Caledonia, New Zealand group has affinities with the Malaysian region 

 and still more with Australia. But the small islands situated south of New Zealand, 

 namely the Campbell, Auckland and Macquarie Islands, are different; they present, 

 rather abundantly, a group of spiders, Cybaeinae, relatives of which are found in the 

 extreme south of South America; these spiders are not present in New Zealand, but 

 are allied to Australian and Tasmanian species. 



This is an interesting observation, for it is known that connections between 

 East Antarctica and lands to the north have been looked for both with New Zea- 

 land and over Tasmania with East Australia. 



Among the millipedes Aulacodesimis and Nesogeophilus are austral genera 

 and the species endemic; Schizotaenia alacer is known from Chile, but the genus 

 is eminently austral-bicentric. For the same reason the endemic genus of Thysa- 

 nura merits to be noticed. 



A very great number of insects have been reported from Juan Fernandez, 

 most of them endemic, also many of the genera. The majority has been described 

 only recently and very often nothing was said about their relations; where they were 

 stated they are, as a rule, to be found in South America. Isolated forms are 

 plentiful and bear witness of a long history. For the single termite an Antarctic 

 ancestry is postulated. Most of the butterflies collected have not yet been de- 

 scribed. Diptera are numerous and largely allied to American genera or species, 

 and the non-endemic forms mostly Chilean. I have not been able to get a proper 

 insight into the distribution of the many genera found elsewhere. Little can be 

 said about the beetles until Dr. Kuschel's material has been described. Two 

 presumably austral-bicentric cases are noticed, Pycnoinerodes and Eleusis. As in 

 so many oceanic islands there is in Juan Fernandez a remarkable display of endemic 

 wingless Curculionids, living on the endemic plants of South American or Antarctic 

 parentage, and examples of strict specialization are known. Host and lodger look 

 back upon a long common history, but whether this implies a common original 

 ancestral home or adaptation in the islands I cannot tell. Of Hymenoptera, Haplo- 

 gonatus, Prenolepis and, perhaps, Metelia show Antarctic connections. 



The antiquity of the endemic land shells cannot be disputed. The Tornatellids 

 are an ancient Pacific group and their presence in Juan Fernandez as well as in 

 other isolated islands and archipelagoes has been considered a proof of former 

 land connections. Their display in Hawaii is unparalleled, Germain summarized 

 his opinion on the evolution of the Hawaiian fauna in the following terms which, 

 mutatis mutandis, apply also to Juan P^ernandez [lOj. 995). 



S'il est bien ainsi, cette famille primordiale [the ancestors of Achatinellidae, Amas- 

 tridae, Leptachatinidae and Tornatellinidae] doit avoir une tres ancienne origine et 

 remonter au Paleozoique. . . . le peuplement malacologique de I'archipel des Hawaii 

 est fort ancien et doit remonter a des temps primaires. II n'a put se faire, comme le 

 preuvent les developpements precedents sur la repartition des genres et des especes, 

 que sur une aire contenue, ce qui exclut la possibilite de considerer les iles Hawaii 

 comme le resultat de I'activite des volcans sous-marins. 



26 — 557857 The Nat. Hist, of Juan Fernandez and EaJter Isl. Vol. I 



