81 GEOLOGY OF THE TfflRD DISTRICT. 



iron ore, containing encrinites, etc. There are many large blocks of the ore scattered about, 

 in which geodes similar to those near Lairdsville are found, in which occasionally a peach 

 bloom may be seen, resembling the arseniate of cobalt. In this ore, as well as in the same 

 kind uncovered in the grading of the railroad below Verona, fragments of the Oblong penta- 

 merus (P. oblongus) are found, and also the Allied atrypa (A. affinis). 



19. 



1^^ 



This is the lowest point at which any of the species of this peculiar division of atrypas 

 appear ; and as there are about six species of them in the New- York System, and as five dif- 

 ferent names are used for this division in Europe, and without that precision required for 

 identity, the plan adopted is to give a wood-cut where the species appear, and a European 

 name if it can be satisfactorily applied. The above wood-cut represents two views of Atrypa 

 affinis, with a magnified representation of a portion of its imbricated surface by which it is 

 principally distinguished. 



From Verona to Madison county, in the direction of the range of the group, but little of it 

 is exposed, the ground being low and marshy. The last quarry noticed was Smith's, about 

 two miles to the west by south of Verona village. It consists of alternations of shale and 

 sandstone, the latter encrinal, and stained red with oxide of iron. The usual fucoids occur 

 with the sandstone. 



The Clinton group passes out from Oneida county in the direction of Oneida lake ; the 

 whole or greater part of the lake is believed to have been excavated in the group, the covering 

 of alluvion on its north shore preventing actual examination. It is very narrow along the 

 south shore near Joscelin's comers, the limestone of the succeeding group being quarried 

 within a short distance of it. 



The first locality of the group in Madison county is at Thomas Donnelly's, on the road from 

 Canastota to the head of Oneida lake. It comes within ploughing depth of the surface, showing 

 the lower ore bed of Wayne county, many masses of which have been thrown up and piled, 

 and others are loose upon the surface. The soil in several places is colored blood red with 

 the ore. For about eighty to one hundred acres of extent the ore has been found, forming a 

 rise of a few feet, the land being swampy on all sides. The ore is mixed with carbonate of 

 lime, requiring, as is the case generally with this ore, to be mixed with argillaceous ores, on 

 account of its limestone ; no additional flux of the latter mineral being needed, but on the 

 contrary those which contain silex and alumina ; for these three earths, in certain well knoven 

 proportions, make the most fusible glass or mixture, and which is necessary to enable the 



