NIAGARA GROUP. 



In these instances, as illustrated, it is very obvious that the concretionary part was the first 

 portion of the mass which had assumed sohdity ; and that, in expanding, it was not restrained 

 by the material in which it is enclosed, these two causes being the prime ones of the varied 

 appearances which it exhibits. The action also was entirely confined to the parts immediately 

 enveloping the concretions, the parts above and below them being wholly undisturbed. 



In Madison county, this concretionary character is less observable ; but the limestone is 

 granular, shining, and looks like a ghstening sandstone : its color is quite dark. It is quarried 

 on the farms of Messrs. Wood and Adams, in the town of Lenox. In Sullivan, it is found on 

 the farm of Joseph Clcirk, and by the roadside near his house. On the adjoining farm, it is 

 burnt by Enos Hubbard for lime. 



Numerous quarries are opened in the limestone rock tlirough the towns of Cicero, Clay, 

 Lysander, Ira and Victory, showing considerable improvement in the quality and in the thick- 

 ness of the calcareous portion of the rock. The mass is of great importance in all that sec- 

 tion of the country, not only fiu'nishing building stone, but also lime suitable for all the pur- 

 poses to which that article is usually applied, excepting where a very white Ume is required. 



One of the best quarries to show the position of the concretionary part of the mass, is at 

 Noadiah Hart's, about one mile and a third to the northwest of Betts' corners. The upper 

 layer is in concretions curving upwards, as in the above wood-cut, the texture highly granular. 

 Below this the layers are straight, and make, as was said, a white Ume, but they are too thin 

 for building stone. 



At Denis', in the town of Clay, on the road to Oneida outlet, the concretions are small, 

 numerous, and resemble those of Lockport, but are not so regular. 



The quarries of Judge Bigelow and Ham in the town of Lysander, are on opposite sides 

 of the road from Baldwinsville to Phillipsburg. About five feet of rock, in layers from one to 

 six inches thick, are worked : it is very black. Some of the layers contain some of the 

 smooth ramose fucoids, a few of the Bicostated orthis, and cytherinae. It contains also some 

 oolite. It is quarried for lime and building stone. 



The quarry of Mr. Doud, in Victory, is of greater interest, as affording more fossils, such 

 as the orthis above mentioned, a columnaria also, and an avicula, as well as a slender encri- 

 nite not yet specificeilly named. 



