S74 GEOLOGY OF THE THmD DISTRICT. 



road which leads to Chittenango. At most of the quarries and places the hopper cavities are 

 also found, the most niunerous at Bull's quarry. 



On the Cowasolon creek, below the furnace, there is a sulphur spring, and two other quite 

 copious ones on the creek near Chittenango ; all which flow from the third deposit of the salt 

 group. 



The Helderberg or Limestone range forms, with the Onondaga salt group, the high hill 

 which projects north between Oneida creek and the east branch of the Cowasolon. The 

 northern end shows the salt group, the higher rocks or limestone appearing going south. 

 Where Oneida creek turns to the west, are the falls of the creek, showing an interesting sec- 

 tion, the water flowing through an excavation in the Marcellus shales, and descending by the 

 Seneca limestone, the Comiferous, Onondaga, Pentamerus limestone and the Water-lime 

 group, over which latter are the highest falls. The layer with diagonal divisions or cracks 

 exists there, and is burnt for lime : it is over six feet thick ; and under it is a layer of water- 

 lime, between two and three feet thick. The Water-lime group is well exposed along the 

 north side of the creek, for some distance ; south, it is soon lost from the rise of the valley, 

 and the abundance of soil which covers the side-hill. 



This is the last point to the west where tlie Pentamerus limestone and the Catskill shaly 

 limestone were distinctly recognized, the whole thickness of the two within twenty feet. It 

 is the first place going west, where the Seneca limestone with the Strophomena lineata ap- 

 pears ; and also the first point, moving in the same direction, where the impure black shaly 

 limestone with goniatites, orthocerae, etc. is seen, which terminates the interrupted layers of 

 the lower part of the Marcellus shales ; the thickness of the mass being about two and a half 

 feet or more, usually divided into two layers. 



The Limestone range passes to the south and east of Siloam, curving towards Perryville ; 

 to the east of which, vmder the Onondaga limestone, and forming a part of the Oriskany sand- 

 stone, is the locality of arenaceous and jaspery iron ore. The limestone is exposed in the 

 terrace to some extent ; and shows, by the width of its vertical joints, that water had flowed 

 over its surface : this locahty is on the farm of Mr. Vannep. 



At Perryville there is a fine fall of water, the creek flowing over the Onondaga limestone, 

 and falling from a height computed to be about one hundred and twenty feet, the gulf be- 

 neath being excavated in the Water-lime group. Some of the layers of the Onondaga con- 

 tain flint in nodules, which destroys its good qualities for lime and for masonry, other than 

 rough or common work. 



The falls on Chittenango creek, usually known by the name of Cazenovia falls, are over 

 the same series of rocks, showing also the comiferous which forms the sides of the creek at 

 the top of the falls. The upper part of this rock is in solid layers, with its usual nodules of 

 flint ; under which there is about two and a half feet of thin shaly layers of an ash green 

 color, similar to a mass at Auburn, which holds the same position, and which is part of the 

 comiferous rock. Below this is the Onondaga, over which the water falls, containing flint 

 towards its lower part. At the bottom of that rock there is about six inches of the Oriskany 



