INDICATIONS, &c, OF SYSTEMATIC NAMES. vii 



Cormack, Sons, and Sinclair, nursery and seeds- 

 men, Newcross, London. 



Various corrections and suggestions. 

 Snovden and Co., agricultural implement manu- 



Some hints as to the subject of the application 

 of steam to agriculture. 

 T. \V. H., agricultural pupil with a farmer near 



Woolerin Northumberland. 



facturers, Oxford Street, London. Information and corrections. 



Drawings of the leaf-gathering machine, and 

 other implements. 

 Swainson, William, F.R.S., L.S.. &c, author of vari- 

 ous important works on natural history. 



Various corrections and additions ; more espe- 

 cially the entire article on insects injurious to 

 agriculture, p. 1 113. 

 Taylor, R. C, F.G.S., &c. 



Geological and statistical corrections, and in- 

 formation from North America. 

 Taylor, Samuel, F.R.S., &c, late editor of the agri- 

 cultural department of the Country Times news- 

 paper. 



Various corrections and additions. 

 Trail, Dr., of Liverpool. 



Geological and chemical corrections. 

 Tredgo/d, Thomas, civil engineer, author of various 

 works, who died in 1829. 



Vilmorin, M., of the firm of Vilmonn and Co., 

 seedsmen, Paris. 



Various corrections as to the agriculture of 

 France, and additions to the forage plants and 

 Cerealia. 

 If'., proprietor of the Metropolitan Dairy establish- 

 ment, in the Edgeware Road, London. 



The details of his dairy establishment, from 

 which we drew up the account, p. 10i.'9. 

 War and Co., Oxford Street, London, agricultural 

 implement manufacturers, chiefly in wood. 



Corrections, additions, and every assistance in 



making drawings and descriptions of a great 



variety of new implements, machines, and utensils. 



Wilkie,J., of Uddistone, near Glasgow, agricultural 



implement maker, both of wood and iron. 



Various drawings and descriptions ; especially 

 of his new plough, p. '39-2., and cultivator, p. 405. 



INDICATIONS AND ACCENTUATION OF SYSTEMATIC NAMES. 



The systematic names employed in the sciences are for the greater part derived from the Greek or 

 Latin, as being dead, and consequently fixed, languages ; and partly also as being languages more or less 

 understood by men of science throughout the world. The Greek language is preferred to the Latin, as 

 being more copious and flexible. In general, family or generic names are composed of two or more Greek 

 words, indicating some quality common to the family or genus ; and specific or individual names, of 

 Latin words indicative of some quality in the individual or species. A number of names, however, are 

 formed by giving Greek or Latin terminations to aboriginal names, or by aboriginal words unchanged ; 

 not a few names, generic and specific, are given in honour of individuals ; and some, more especially 

 specific names, point to countries, towns, or other places connected with the history of the plants. 



All systematic names, whether generic or specific, which Greek or Roman authors have applied to the 

 same class of beings as the moderns, and which on this account are called classical names, are indicated 

 by the first letter being put in Italic when the remainder of the word is in Roman, or in Roman when 

 the remainder of the word is in Italic; as, £ v quus, the horse; Pinus, the pine tree; A/armor, marble : 

 or, E^quus, the horse ; Finns, the pine tree ; tidrmor, marble. 



Names, whether generic or specific, formed from aboriginal words by altering the termination of the 

 aboriginal word, or by adopting the aboriginal word without altering its termination, and names of 

 uncertain derivation, are distinguished by all the letters being in Italic when the preceding and following 

 words are in Roman, and in Roman when the preceding and following words are in Italic ; as, Gliima 

 'Camelus Glama), the lama; Tabitcum (Nicotidnn Tabacum^, tobacco; and Tifa (Cemcntum Tufa), vol- 

 canic earth : or, Glama [Camelus Glama), the lama s Tabacum (AYco/iana Tabacum), tobacco ; and 

 Tufa [Ceme'ntum Tufa), volcanic earth. 



Names, generic or specific, commemorative of individuals, are indicated by putting the letters added 

 to the name of the person, or the final letter if none are added, in Italic when the preceding and 

 folic ' 



as. 

 of 

 fVerneri, the Olivine of Werner. 



RULES FOR PRONOUNCING SYSTEMATIC NAMES. 



SYLLABLES. 



In classical words there are as many syllables as there are vowels ; except when a with any othervowel 

 follows g, q, or s, and when two vowels unite to form a diphthong. The diphthongs are ce, a;, ai, ei, oi, tii, 

 au, eu, and hi. These seldom coalesce in final syllables, oo, ee, ea, and other combinations which never 

 occur as diphthongs in classical words, follow, in commemorative names, the pronunciation of their primi- 

 tives, as Teedw, Woodsto. 



VOWELS. 



In this work the sounds of the accented vowels are indicated by the mark placed over each ; the long 

 sound by a grave accent C), and the short by an acute ( ), as Mary, Martha. 



In addition to the primary accent, every word of more than three syllables contains a secondary accent, 

 which is regulated by the same rules. The secondary accent must always be at least two syllables before 

 the primary accent, as in Chclidonium ; for its place the ear is a sufficient guide, and even were it entirely 

 omitted, still, however inharmonious, the pronunciation would not be incorrect. 



CONSONANTS. 



C and g are hard before a, o, and u, as Cornus, Galium ; soft before e, i, and y, as Cetraria, Citrus. 



T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, to, iu, and en, when preceded by the accent, change their sounds, / and c 

 intosA, as Bletm, Ticia ; and s into %h, as Blasfa : but, when the accent is on the first diphthongal vowel, 

 the preceding consonant preserves its sound, as aurantiacum. 



Ch, before a vowel, is pronounced like k, as Chelidr.nium (kel), Cilchicum tkolkekzsm) ; but in comme. 

 morative names it follows their primitives, as Richardsoiifa, in which the ch is soft. 



Cm, en, ct, gm, gn, mn, tm, ps, pt, and other incombinable consonants, when they begin a word, are 

 pronounced with the first letter mute, as P teris 'ten's), Cnlcus [niltus), Gmellna [melina], Gnidia (nidia) ; 

 in the middle of a word they separate as in English, as Lap.sana, /.em-na. 



P-h, followed by a mute, is not sounded ; but, followed by a vowel or a liquid, sounds like/, as /"hleum 

 (fleum). 



Sch sounds like sk, as .Scha^nus (skenus) ; in tl and zm both letters are heard. 



S, at the end of a word, has its pure hissing sound, as Dactylis; except when preceded by e, r, or n, 

 when it sounds like z, as Ribes (rz). 



A', at the beginning of a word, sounds like z, as Xanthium ; in any other situation it retains its own 

 found, as Taxus, Tamarix. {Gardener's Magazine, vol. v. p. 2J2J 



A 4 



