Book IV. 



FARMERIES. 



4G5 



2947. Hoofs. High roofs are necessary for tempestuous climates, the better to shoot off the rains anil 

 snows ; but a high roof, having a larger surface than a smaller one, requires timber of a greater scantling 

 to make it equally able to resist high winds ; roofs, therefore, should be made sufficiently hiyh lor the 

 climate and kind of covering, and no higher. " A roof whose height is one half the span, will have one 

 fourth more surface than if it were made one fourth the span. In general one third of the span or width 

 of a rcof, is the lowest extremity that is advisable where tile;, either plain or pan-tiles, are to be used. 

 Plain tiles should be laid dry, and afterwards plast< red wholly over, tiles and laths together, with coarse- 

 hair mortar. This is considered a great improvemc nt over the commoner modes, of laying tiles in plaster 

 or in straw. Roofs for pan-tiles in exposed situaions should be somewhat higher in pitch than in shel- 

 tered places. Roofs for gray or strne slates shoi Id be strong in proportion to the great weight of these 

 materials. Roofs for straw, ling, chips, reeds, Sec. should ris_' half their width. Roofs of these materials 

 have many disadvantages, and among others, that of rendering the water which falls on them unfit for 

 culinary purposes." [Waistett's Den'gni for Agrh ultural Buildings, p. 78 ) 



2°48. For a grazing farm in a mi untainous conn, ry, the following plan (fig. 4-13.) is given by Waistell. 

 " The interior consists of a fold yard tor the cattle, anu a court-yard, to keep the cattle, pigs, &c. from the 



house, which is placed on the east side. On the ground plan of the house are the kitchen, back 

 kitchen, parlour, dairy, and pantry. Roth the kitchen and back kitchen overlook the yards, kc. The 

 other window to the kitchen, and also the parlour window, are supposed to overlook the farm. In the 

 back kitchen are shown the situation of the copper or boiler, pump, and sink. The dairy is sunk five 

 steps, for the sake of coolness in summer, and warmth in winter ; and the way the benches or shelves 

 may be placed, is shown. The pantry, which is down the same steps leading from the back kitchen to 

 the dairy, is under the stairs to the chamber-floor. Under the parlour is the cellar. A part of the 

 cellar may be partitioned off for a store-room for potatoes, &c. There are, on the first floor, four 

 chambers, and over them two garrets in the roof, lighted from the ends of the house. The chamber 

 over the dairy may be used for the men-servants' bedroom ; or, should that not be required, as it will' be 

 lofty, it may be used as a store-room. Next the house, on the north, is a stable for four horses. A 

 saddle closet might be conveniently formed in the corner of the stable, at the back of the kitchen fire, 

 place, where the saddles, &c, would always be kept dry. At the other end of the stable, a recess is 

 formed for the corn-bin, near the window. The horses, in passing to and from the stable, through the 

 court-yard, do not mix with or disturb the cattle in the fold-yard. The gate to the court- yard is placed 

 as far as possible from the house ; and posts and rails, or chains, may be placed, as shown by the 

 single line, to keep the horses from, and to protect children at, the door. A tank for the hogwash may 

 be made in the corner formed by the house and stable. The situation for it is shown by the dotted circle. 

 Arranged along the north sides of the yards are the chafl-room next the stable, various offices, open 

 shed, and calf-house. The shed is open to the south, and may be used for cattle, and a part of it for 

 a cart. The space within the roof of either the shed or stable, may be appropriated as repositories for 

 such tools and implements as are only occasionally in use, as hay-rakes, ladders, &c. To a part of the 

 space in the roof of the shed (which may be enclosed), an opening, or door, may be left from the place 

 for fuel. The hen-roost may be in the roof, over the place for ashes, &c. On the west side of the 

 fold-yard are the barn and cow-house; and, as on the farm for which this design is proposed, little corn 

 is grown, the barn may occasionally be used as a store-room for turnips ; for this reason, there is a door 

 from it to the foddering-bay. The cow- house contains standings for sixteen head of cattle, eight on 

 each side of the gangway ; a feeding-house for the like number of cattle arranged in a single row, with 

 a foddering-bay at their heads, would require one sixth more area, and one fourth more wafl. Over 

 the cow-house is a straw-room, which may occasionally be filled with unthreshed grain. The ridges of 

 the roofs of the barn and cow-house are of the same height, but the side walls of the cow-house are 

 about three feet lower than the side walls of the barn. On the wall, between the fold-yard and court- 

 yard, is placed a large water-trough for the cattle in the yard, and for the stable horses. The hogsty is 

 in the corner next the cow-house; and in the opposite corner, a court for the store pigs is formed by 

 the post and rail to keep off the cattle ; and there the trough for the pigs is placed. The wide door to 

 the barn is made next the fold-yard; but, in some situations, it may be more convenient on the 

 outside ; for, when the fold-yard is filled with manure, access with a loaded cart to the barn, that 

 way, may be difficult." {IVaistells Designs, &c. p. 86.) The following is a recapitulation : a, kitchen ; 

 A, parlour: c, back kitchen ; rf, dairy ; e, pantry; /, court-yard; g, tank for the hogwash; h, four, 

 horse stable; i, chaff-room ; k, ashes ; /, fuel ; m, shed ; n, fold-yard ; o, calf-house ; p, bam j q, house 

 for 16 cattle ; r, hogsty and hog-yard ; s, water-cistern ; /, hogs'-court ; u, enclosed area in front of the 

 house: v, hog-troughs. 



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