Book V. PLANS AND MAPS OF ESTATES. .54:5 



produces 15,000, and then dividing this product by 7, which gives 2142/. 17s. 2d. for the 

 sum required : now if, in answering this question, we had begun by finding the number 

 of years' purchase which ought to have been given for the same, the process would have 

 been rendered much more tedious and intricate. 



3344. In order tojind the clear annuel rent which a freehold ought to produce, so as to 

 allow the purchaser a given rate of interest for his money, we must " multiply the gross 

 sum paid for the same, by the given rate of interest, and then divide the product by 100 ; 

 the quotient of which will be the annual rent required:" thus, if a person gives 5940/. 

 for a freehold estate, and he wishes to make 6^ per cent, interest of his money, then 

 5940 multiplied by 6\5, will produce 38,610, which, divided by 100, will quote 386-1, 

 or 386/. 2s., for the clear annual rent required. Lastly, 



3345. The rate of interest allowed to the purchaser of a freehold, is much more readily 

 and more exactly ascertained than in the case of leases for terms, as we have nothing more 

 to do here than to " multiply the clear annual rent of the estate by 100, and then divide 

 the product by the su?n paid for the estate; the quotient will be the rate of interest 

 required : " thus, if a person gives 2000/. for a freehold estate, of the clear rent of 8.7. 

 per annum, then 85, multiplied by 100, will produce 8500, which, divided by 2000, will 

 quote 4*25, or 4^ per cent, for the rate of interest required. 



3346. The valuation of mines and minerals is not a matter of much difficulty, when it 

 extends merely to quarries of stone, lime, chalk, gravel, or other bodies " open to the day," 

 or worked from the surface. If the quantity is indefinite, then the annual income 

 afforded forms the ground-work ; if it is limited, then the joint consideration of the quan - 

 tity, and the probable time the current demand may take to exhaust it. The valuation 

 of metallic mines belongs to a distinct class of professors known as mineral surveyors, and 

 is a matter foreign from agriculture, which confines itself to the earth's surface, or at 

 least to the epidermis of its upper crust. 



Subsect. 6. Professional Routbw of Land Sxirveyors, Appraisers and Valuators, in making 



up their Plans and Reports. 



3347. For portraying rural objects various modes havo been adopted by land surveyors : 

 trees are sometimes shown by small crosses or ciphers, triangles or dots (fig. 524. a) ; by 



an orbicular line representing the extension of the branches or head, and a dot in the 

 place of the trunk (6 and d) ; by the same, with the addition of a shadow, taken when the 

 sun is south or south-west, and his elevation exactly 45°, by which the points of the com- 

 pass are readily ascertained throughout the plan, and the shape of the head, and the height 

 of the tree, exhibited (e, ; sometimes an elevation or profile of the tree is given, either in 

 foliage (/), or to show the form of the trunk and branches (g), or merely to give a rude 

 idea of a tree (c). Hedgerows, whether with or without trees, are either shown in 

 elevation or profile (h), or in vertical profile or birdseye view (j . They may be 

 delineated either in skeleton or foliage. Buildings may be shown either in general plan 

 (k), detailed plan (r, vertical profile of the roof (m), elevation (»), perspective view (o) ; 

 or a plan may be given (p), and a diagonal elevation (q) taken and placed opposite the 

 plan in the margin of the map. A pictorial surveyor, who understands perspective, and 

 is desirous of conveying a correct idea of the subject he is to measure and delineate, 

 will readilv find expedients for attainina; success. 



3348. In protracting elevations and depressions on paper, the simplest way is to introduce 

 sections, in dotted or otherwise distinguished lines, to prevent their being mistaken for 

 surface-lines ; or in wavy surfaces, figures may be introduced, thus 3 or i, to denote their 

 elevation above, or depression below, some piece of water or other surface fixed on as a 

 medium. Some excellent observations on this subject will be found in Major Lehman's 

 Topographical Plan-Drawing, as translated by Lieutenant Sibern (oblong fol. Loiui. 

 1822), which, it is to be hoped, will soon be appropriated in the popular books on 

 land-surveying, and adopted in practice. 



3349. Where it is in contemplation to form canals, or other reservoirs or pieces of 

 water, the elevations and depressions or levels must be taken and recorded either by 

 sections or arithmetically with the greatest accuracy ; and, in some cases, sections may 



