V 



112> STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE. Pakt IV. 



7713. Ttie lent Jour neyma n is as liltlo known in agriculture as apprentice Those who answer to that 

 term are the professional operators' of ■ farm, such a- ploughmen, cuttle herds, shepherds, and (ledgers. 

 These rank decided I) above labourers "i all-work. A ploughman may not unaptly be considered as of the 

 r.mk of an apprentice till he can/ear or sel out i Idges, ana after in- can do this as <>t the rank of journey. 



man hi he can M.i.k .01. 1 tow. He ma] then be considered as a master of his art, entitled to work the 

 best pair of horses, ami u twent> live orthirtx rears ol age, to enter into tin' marriage state. 

 'Tit. A kedger \- a professional operator, who may he considered as ranking with a master ploughman. 



Mis business is to plant, el. -.in, prune, CUt, lay, plash, and repair hedges ; prune forest and orchard trees, 



mi. I eii.vt other operations vv ith ligneous plants on the farm. In Berwickshire bedgers are generally very 



Vltelligent men, and keep the fences on the farms ill the border counties in excellent order, and the hedge- 



row tire- handrtmHy pruned. 



771 . ./ 100 Xtman i- an operator employed to prune trees and manage hedges, and is of the same rank 

 and requires the same kind and degree of professional knowledge as the bedger, Generally he is more 



eonvei-.int with barking trees for the tanners, converting copsewood and measuring timber, than the 

 other, being more engaged with u I- than hedge-. 



7716, A >'• "•> !•> "'■ hman, on small farms, is to he considered as the bailiff' in the absence of the master. 

 He woi ks tie' besl pair of horses, and assists the master in stacking and sowing. On larger farms, where 

 a regular bailiff is kept, there is also a head ploughman, who acts as substitute for the bailiff in his tem- 

 porary absence, as far a- operatives and overlooking operations ; but not in money matters or contracts. 



7717. A .hii in bailiffis, or should be, a person of tolerable education, who understands accounts, mea- 

 suring of work, land, and timber, and can draw up agreements for hiring servants. He should have 



iracttsed every part of farming himself, from tending poultry, swine, ami sheep, to stacking ami sowing. 



when employed by a gentleman, or one who has no skill in farming, he should not be under twenty-five 

 year- of age; but a farmer's bailiff need not exceed twenty-one years, is to be considered as a sort of 

 apprentice, anil will be directed in all leading matters by his master. 



7718. A bailiff and gardener, or gardener and grieve, as they are called in some places, is a sort of hybrid 

 upper servant, who seldom excels either as a farmer or a gardener, and is only tit for situations 01 limited 

 extent, and an indifferent style of performance. 



7719, The forester or head woodman is to the woods of an estate what the bailiff is to the farm lands 111 

 hand. He directs and superintends the woodmen and their labourers, in planting, rearing, ami pruning 

 plantations, and in the felling of timber or copse, barking, charcoal making, and in short every thing con. 

 necteil with timber, trees, copses, or hedges. 



772 1. 77/. ■ liiml steward ( Factor, Scotch ; Facteur, l"r ; Factor, Ger. ; and Fattore, 1 tal.) is to a whole estate 

 what a bailiffis to the demesne or a particular farm. His business is to control the managers of the lands 

 in hand, as the forester, gardener, bailiff, &c. ; to see that farmers fulfil the covenants of their leases; 

 to attend to repairs, roads, public and parochial matters in behalf of the landlord ; and generally to receive 

 rents. 



7721. I'mler stewards, ox steward's bailiffs, as they are called, are assistants to the main steward, or 

 have the care of detached estates, containing a few farms or woods. 



77.'2. Demesne stewards are such as are kept chiefly for regulating the affairs of demesne lands ; that is, 

 lands surrounding the mansion in hand, or of an estate of small size, where all the lands are in hand, but 

 where an extensive establishment of horses, servants, a large garden, &C. are kept up. Here the steward 

 performs the duties of bailiff, forester, and in some degree of house-steward, by his connection with the 

 stables and game-keeper, and other domestic rural matters. 



772.3. Court farmer Jloft'mei/er, Ger. ; Grangero rfc la evrte, Span. ; Agronome its la eour, Fr. ; and 

 Fattore delta curt,-, Ital , may be considered the highest step, the sum mum bnnum of agricultural ser- 

 vitude. The late Ramsay Robinson, Esq. was bailiff to Geo. III.; his sister, Miss Robinson, was royal 

 dairy-woman ; and Sir Joseph Banks, royal shepherd. 



Sect. II. Commercial Agriculturists 



7721. The lowest grade here is the jobbing farmer, who keeps a team, a cart, plough, pair of harrows, and 

 probably one or two hand implements. He hires himself by the day, week, or by the acre, to plough, sow, 

 or labour, the small spots of ground of tradesmen who keep a cow but no labouring stock; or to assist 

 farmers who are behind with their labours. The contractors for executing works dev ised by the agricul- 

 tural engineer ,7754. \ though widely separated in point of wealth from the common jobber, yet belong to 

 the same species ; both agree in selling their labour and skill in a raw state, not when manufactured into 

 prioduce like the other commercial agriculturists. 



7725. Itinerant agriculturists are of two kinds: such as take grounds for the culture of one or two crops 

 of particular sort, of plants, as woad, flax, &c, (5963.) ; a' 11 ' such as travel with a plough and pair, 6c. to 

 teach that operation to young farmers or their servants, a practice at one time carried on in Ireland under 

 the patronage of the Dublin Society. 



7726. Cottage farmers are such as possess a cottage and an acre or two of land, which they may either 

 keep in Station or pasture ; disposing of the corn, green crops, or dairy produce in various ways, according 

 to local circumstances. 



77.7. Poultry farmers, such as devote themselves chiefly to the breeding, rearing, and fattening of 

 poultry, and the growing of feathers and quills. 



Garden farmers are such as possess lands near large towns or sea-ports ; and grow the commoner 

 garden vegetables, as peas, onions, cabbages, &c. for the market, or herbs for the distillers and druggists, 



7729. Seed farmers Small farmers who devote themselves chiefly to the growing of garden seed- for 

 the Lcndorj seedsmen, and for the distillery. They are to be found only in a few counties in the central 

 and southern districts of England, and chiefly in Kent and Essex. I See F.nei/e. if Cant. 2d edit. 7.S90.) 



77901 Orchard farmers are such as farm grass or arable orchards, sometimes joined to hop lands and 

 garden farm- ; often with a small dairy; with rearing of poultry, rabbits, .\c, and sometimes with the 

 breeding and training of dogs; the latter a very lucrative branch when well understood. 



77 >1 Hop farmers, such as make hops a principal article of cultivation, to which are sometimes joined 

 garden and Orchard farming. 



77. i2. Milk or nor farmers, such as keep cows for selling their milk in an unmanufactured state. These 

 farmers are of course limited to populous neighbourhoods. Cow-keepers differ from cow. farmers, in having 

 their establisl ml - in tow ns, and in purchasing, not growing, their cow provender. 



77 . I Dairy farmers, such a- keep rows ami manufacture their milk into butter or cheese. These are 

 ■11 line hi in rich moisl Hal districts, as Cheshire, part of Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, &c. 



77 .Si. Gratters, farmers whose chief business consists In buying, feeding, and selling cattle and sheep. 

 Their farm- are chiefly in old pasture, and they are more commonly feeders than breeders. The most 

 extensive in Eng'aud are in Leicestershire and Lincolnshire 



7735. Stock farmers, such as devote themselves t,, breeding and rearing different kinds of live stock, 

 especially bone* and cattle. They are most common in Yorkshire. 



77; 6. Store farmers, breeders who devote themselves chiefly to the sheep and cattle families. They are 

 common in the border counties, in Wales, and in the Highlands. 



Hag farmers arc confined to a small district round London ; where they grow chiefly natural or 

 meadow hay for the London coach and saddle horses, and for cow-keepers. 



77 K . Corn-farmi rt, as opposi d to hay, dairy, grazing, and breeding farmers, is a term employed to such 

 as occupy lands more adapted for the plough than for pa turage, as arable clays and loams. 



