

ENCYCLOPEDIA OK AGRICULTURE. 



s.'jpri.t.Mt .sr. 



upon. The Kreen is composed of two upright posts, twenty-feet In height. Through bolea in (bo 

 upright posts, horizontal poles are placed, reaching from one upright to the other. On these poles, the 

 hnck-u heat and other k i n< I > of fodder are placed. A narrrow roof of boards covers the whole, pasting 

 from one upright to the other. The sheaves of bock-wheat are also lometimei fixed on an upright 

 post. (Caaelfs Travels, p. 34.) 



B031.— 636. Oourdt are cultivated In considerable quantitlei In Carnloln and Styria: cut In slices, 

 they are given to the hogs and cows. {CadeU'i Travelt, vol. i. p. 25.) In Hungary sugar has been 

 lately made from them. 



K033. The rural ec onomy qf 8chletto/g, Bolttein, and Lauenburgh, has been given at length in the 

 Joum. A. E., vol. i. p. .'("., ami of the agriculture of Denmark and Sweden by Janus F. \V. John- 

 ston, I ■ It- S. in the same work, vol. iv. p. I'M. et seq. 



Russia and Poland. 



8023. — f,r,2. Roads in Poland. By far the best specimen of that kind of road usually called macadam- 

 ised, for want ofa more explicative term, is to be found between Warsaw and Kalisz, a distance of thirty- 

 three and a half Polish, or one hundred and fifty six English miles. Throughout this distance It is 

 uniformly bard, level, and as smooth as a billiard tabic, quite straight, planted with a double row of trees 

 on each side, and with very tolerable inns at each post station. It is doubtful whether a better road is 

 to be found In England ; certainly not on the Continent, except, perhaps, between Milan and Cremona, 

 or even a- far as Vicenza. The Warsaw road is perfectly new, and owes its existence to the grand duke 

 Constantine, whose efforts to improve the internal communication of the country In every direction 

 were incessant. One feature of the Polish road in question deserves notice, because it tends to give it 

 the appearance ofa carriage-road in a gentleman's park kept in the highest order ; namely, the manner 

 in which the sides are dressed all along with green turf, which looks like mossy banks, cut smooth, and per- 

 fectly level. This method of flanking a macadamised road that has been cut through hills, or prominent 

 undulations in the ground, offers, besides its neat appearance, a great advantage ; for it prevents, in a 

 great measure, the carrying away of the loose earth and denuding of the roots of trees during heavy 

 rains, both which inconveniences, very injurious to the road itself, take place when the sides are not 

 covered with turf. (Granville's Russia, p. 580.) 



R024. British Farmer! m Poland. Since the peace of 1814, some Scottish farmers have settled in 

 different parts of Poland, and chiefly in the neighbourhood of Warsaw. The soil and the climate are found 

 much more favourable, both for agriculture and gardening, than might naturally be imagined. Though 

 the » inters are more severe than they are at Edinburgh, yet the summers are much warmer, and corn and 

 fruits ripen much sooner and better. The cucumber grows freely, and bears abundantly in the open 

 air during the summer months. The estate or faun of Wilga, on the river of that name, a view of 

 which is given in y?^.l 140., consists of 1,800 acres, and was purchased by a near relative of the author in 



1140 



■'"-v*^ ***** Jjr: 



1 332. The buildings consist of a dwelling house (i), with a detached kitchen (ft), a brewery (c). a dis- 

 tillery til), a machine for raising water to supply both (e), a corn-mill (/). sheds for feeding cattle (g), 

 an Ice-house (h I, in which ice is kept above ground by means ol tli<k double walls and doors . and large 

 barns, a threshing-machine, coacb-nouse, stabling and all other offices, including a carpenter's shop and 

 house, blacksmith's shop and boo-.-, bailiff's house, .vc. Besides these there is a small colony of cottages 

 for the common labourers Behind the bouse there are a large garden and orchard, with summer-house 

 green-house, .vc, the estate having been the propeity and residence ofa Polish nobleman, considered a 

 man of taste. The situation of this property is about thirty miles from Warsaw, in a flat country, and 

 there is good communication between it and that city, both by land and water. The soil is light in most 

 I I ices, but in others it is loamy. About half the surface is covered with wood, chiefly birch, poplar and 

 Scotch pine, which is felled at stated intervals, and is floated down the Wilga and the Vistula to Warsaw, 

 S it i- sold as fuel. The culture pursued on the arable land is the convertible system of — 1. turnips ; 

 3 corn, chiefly barley and wheat ; 3. clover : and 4 oats. The turnips and clover are consumed in the 

 feeding-houses by milch cows, or rattle for the butcher. The corn is either ground into flour or malted 

 and brewed into beer, or distilled into spirit ; for both of which there is an ample market at Warsaw. 

 Butter and cheese are made, for which there is also a great demand. Pigs are fattened, but the Polish 

 towns being chiefly occupied by .Tews, and trade of every kind being chiefly in their hands, it is found 

 that nigs cannot be driven to market, and sold there alive as in Britain ; hut the carcasses are sailed. Or 

 cured as bacon, and sold in that state, to Christian consumers. The fattened cattle are sold by private 



