1294 ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF AGRICULTURE, soppi-bmbst: 



ami by moans of it the soil, which in manv places is excellent of Itself, is made to produce enormoiu 

 crops. Th.' various detail) of Egyptian agriculture, as extracted from Dr. Bowring s Report, will be 

 found in the Gardener*! Magazine for 1840, p. 646. to 658. 



Morocco. 



8052 — 1098. Agriculture in Morocco. The farmers plough and sow at the same time. The ploughing 

 is performed by one man, who, while lie guides tho plough, which has a single handle, with Ins right 

 hand, holds the reins, which are made of the palmetto twisted, and a long, Hun, pointed sack to goad 

 the oxen in his left. When he sows, he leaves the plough, scattering the grain very sparingly with his 

 right hand, and harrows it in by passing the plough again over the surface, the furrows being straight. 

 narrow, and very shallow, without any ridge. The ploughshare has merely a simple tip of iron, which 

 is taken off when the husbandman ceases to work, to prevent its being stolen. ( Ilrooke's Travels in Spain 

 and Morocco, vol. i. p. 303.) Some account of the progress of agriculture in Algiers will be found in the 

 (.. C, 1842, p. 67. 



Cape op Good Hope. 



i 53—1133. Albany. At the close of 1824, when this new settlement was hastening to dissolution, the 

 nmissioner* of enquiry removed certain political evils, and the country at once commenced a march of 



.<■--. which John Cemlivre Chase believes "the most unparalleled in the history of colonisation. In 



8' 

 com in is 

 success, .. 



August, 1833, the Caffre trade, chiefly in ivory, amounted to about :<4.000/. annually ; and tho exports 

 increased from 32,273/., their amount in 1829, to 51,2901, their amount in 1832. Hides, horns, skins. 

 tallow, butter, salted provisions, and ivory, formed the principal items. Cultivation is extended. Oats. 

 barley, and oat-hay are the chief commodities ; wheat has also been raised, and Indian corn, fruit, and 

 vegetables grow most luxuriantly. Cattle, sheep, and horses are abundant, and every necessary ot hie 

 is extremely cheap. There are" about 26,000 sheep, the wool of which sells at upwards of Is. per 

 pound. Graham's Town has increased from 22 houses to 600 ; and eight villages, eleven places of 

 worship, and fifteen schools have been built. Hat, blanket, and tile manufactories, numerous limekilns, 

 three water and six wind mills, two tanneries, and two breweries, have been established. There is an 

 infant school, a savings bank, a public reading room, and a commercial hall. A newspaper was com- 

 menced in January, 1832, and it is prospering. The population, in 1833, was 9913 ; and. as a proof that the 

 country is favourable to human life, only 24 out of 248 persons, who landed in 1820, had died in 1830. 

 " Such," says Mr. Chase, " is the result of thirteen years' settlement, nearly five of whiih were those of 

 failure and distress. From what has been related," it may be seen, whether success has attended the 

 efforts of the immigrants or not, their only difficulty, in as far as my own knowledge goes, is that of a 

 want of additional labourers to gather in the harvest of growing prosperity; and, as a proof ot this want, 

 I refer to the many and frequent appeals to the home government, successively made since 1825, lor a 

 new emigration." (1'hc Cape nf Good Hope Lit. Oaz., vol. iii. p. 182.) 



America. 



8054 1153. Climate of Xorth America. Over the whole extent of North America, it is universally 



admitted that the clearing of the country has modified the climate; that this modification becomes every 

 day more manifest ; that the winters are now less severe, and the summers less hot ; and, in other words, 

 that the extremes of temperature observed in January and July annually approach each other. {Joni i t 

 Juur. Ap. 1834.) . . , 



8055 1159. The soil of the United States is adapted to almost every species of culture. \\ heat grows 



every where ; and tobacco, hemp, and flax between the Potamac and Roanoke and Mexican Gulf. 

 All the grains flourish in the valley of the Mississippi ; but it is particularly in the delta of that river 

 (which like that of the Nile, is the work of the waters) that the sugar-cane and indigo succeed best. 

 Almost every where, the earth abounds in pasturage, but is not adapted to the growth ot truit trees, or 

 only produces fruit tart and without flavour. The most productive kinds of culture are those of colonial 

 articles and vegetables ; a species of cultivation for which the Americans are indebted to the French of 

 St. Domingo, who have taken refuge among them. They are also indebted to them for some seed and 

 kernel fruits. The territories of the United States, with regard to agriculture, may be divided into two 

 parts, perfectly distinct from each other. The lands bordering on the Atlantic are generally bad or 

 middling ; but those on the other side of the Alleghanies, in the basins of the St. Lawrence and the 

 Mississippi, are not exceeded by the best lands in Europe; and have, besides, the advantage of being 

 marly all virgin, and easily cultivated. Vegetation is hardy, but prompt, which is occasioned by the 

 humidity of the soil. (Jlcauj nn's Sketch of the United States, p. 81.) From the increase in the number 

 of agricultural periodicals in the United States, the progress of the art would appear to be as rapid as it 

 is in any part of Europe. Sugar has hern extracted from the maize, to such an extent as to become an 

 article of commerce ; and Mr. Colman, who has been deputed by the state of Massaehusets to make an 

 agricultural tour in Europe, has stated as his opinion to the Royal Agricultural Society, that the process 

 of extracting sugar from the maize might be carried out in England with as much success as in America. 

 (Mom. Chron., June 22d, 1843.) . ,. 



8056.— 1192. Climate of the Canndas. John Young asserts, "that. 2000 years since, the climate of 

 Europe was precisely similar to that of British America at the present day; in support of which he 

 quotes many authors of antiquity. He attributes the change, first, to the extirpation ol the forests and 

 the draining of the morasses ; secondly, to the increase of population, and consequent evolution of animal 

 heat, and th.' warmth communicated to the atmosphere by the fires within the houses j thirdly, to the 

 extension of tillage, the process of putrefaction alone generating considerable heat." (.Brit. Farm. Mag., 

 vol vi. p. 196.) 



8057.— 1195. Emigration to British America. Mr. Ferguson, who visited Canada in 1831, says, " tnat 

 Upper Canada certainly is blessed with all the solid appearance of human happiness, independence, ami 

 comfort." The notes of this gentleman are given at length in the Quarterly Journal oj Agriculture, 

 vol. iii., and well deserve to be consulted bv all emigrants, in a work on Emigration to British America, 

 by John M-Gre^or. Esq., published in lS3"l, the British possessions in North America are stated to be 

 the Island of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island; the province of Nova Scoiia, 

 New Brunswick, and the Canadas ; the region of Labrador, and the territory west of Hudson's Bay. 

 Newfoundland bears a striking resemblance to the Western Highlands of Scotland, and is chiefly adapted 

 for the rearing Of cattle and sheep. Prince Edward Island possesses an excellent climate and soil, 

 and is taken altogether, a most desirable spot for emigrants. " The society in the island is good, and 

 the inhabitants consist of Europeans from all nations, but particularly from Scotland. Cape Breton is a 

 small island, peopled bv between twentv-fne and thirty thousand souls, chiefly from the Western High- 

 lands of Scotland." The climate, though humid, is salubrious ; the general aspect of the country 

 romantic and mountainous, and covered with forests ; and the valleys contain extensive tracts of excel- 

 lent soil Nova Scotia is an extensive country, fitted to receive " thousands, perhaps millions, of 

 emigrants." The winters are severe, but the air at that season is generally dry. This peninsula abounds 

 with extensive fields of coal, with ironstone, with gypsum, and, it is believed, with rock salt. New 

 Brunswick has a climate particularly suited to the constitution of Britons. The country is covered with 

 immense forests of evergreen and deciduous trees, and it is everywhere intersected by rivers fit for navi- 



