250 THE PERFECT HORSE. 



''10. Calkins should not be used on paved roads: 

 they are only useful on ice or slippery ground, — terre 

 grasse. 



"11. The calkins on the inside heels are liable to 

 wound the coronets when the horse happens to cross 

 his feet. 



"12. A horse shod with them is soon fatigued, and 

 never goes easy. 



"13. The horse which has only a calkin on the out- 

 side does not stand fair ; and the calkin confines the 

 movement of the coronary articulation, the foot being 

 twisted to one side. 



"14. If a horse has his feet pared, and loses a shoe, 

 he cannot travel without breaking and bruising the 

 wall, and damaging the horny sole, because the horn is 

 too thin to protect it. 



"15. If the shoes are long, and the heels of the hoof 

 pared out hollow, stones and pebbles lodge between the 

 shoe and the sole, and make the horse lame. 



"16. Flat feet become convex by hollowing the 

 shoes to relieve the heels and the frog, because, the 

 more the shoes are arched from the sole, the more 

 the wall of the hoofs is squeezed and rolled inwards, 

 particularly towards the inner quarter, which is the 

 weakest. The sole of the foot becomes convex, and 

 the horse is nearly always unfit for service. 



" 17. If the wall of the hoof is thin, and the shoes 

 are arched, the quarters are so pressed upon, that the 

 horse is lame. 



