P/iofn(fnij»fiir ReHf'archfn ami Portraiture 301 



1903 to spend the necessary time in working out the practiciil details of 

 camera dimensions, or sjM'nd the Iiours refpiired in dark-room ex jK-ri mental 

 work. As in the simihir case of analytical photoj^raphy, what is needtnl is a 

 younp; and enthusiastic photographer. 



To gra.sp fully (Jalton's photographic activities at this time we nuist bear 

 in mind two important facts. He was still searching for some physical features 

 which should have high association with the mental characters. This attitude 

 was perfectly reasonable at that date, because not only no correlations between 

 such charactei-H had l>een determined, but the methods of measuring corre- 

 lations were of the crudest kind. Further (Jalton was a traveller, and every 

 traveller is accustomed as he passes along to notice that the racial mentality 

 changes with the change of the physical characters. The conception there- 

 fore naturally arises that physique and mentality are highly correlated. 

 The American Indian, the Negro, or the Arab has each his individual 

 physique, and each also his individual mentality. But this appearance of 

 high correlation may be most deceptive; it does not follow that there is 

 any organic linkage between the physical and psychical characters. If a 

 race be started from a pair of individuals both possessing a physique of 

 type A and a mentality of type A', we may find in later generations an 

 \ apparent linkage of A and A' in all the members ; but this is not a true 

 correlation, and a cro.ss-breeding may show that A and A' have no organic 

 relation, and can be at once -separated. In the second place Galton did, 

 like most men of his generation and probably like most of us to-day, 

 consciously or unconsciously, give weight to physiognomy. So impres.sed 

 by physiognomy is mankind in ordinary every-day life, that we hardly 

 realise how much confidence we place in it. We say a person is good or 

 bad, is intelligent or stupid, is slack or energetic, on what is too often 

 only a rapid physiognomic judgment. The custom is so universal as a rough 

 guide to conduct, that we are almost compelled to believe that there 

 IS in human beings an intuitive or instinctive appreciation of mental 

 character from facial expression. Galton differed only from the mass of us 

 in desiring to ascertain on what physiognomic appreciation is based. He 

 belonged to a generation in which the influence of Lavater and the Ijelief in 

 some form of phrenology were still appreciable. lie accordingly .sought to 

 isolate types and to measure deviations from facial type, in order to determine 

 whether facial variations were coirelated with mental variations. He was 

 really attempting to make a true science out of the study of physiognomy. 

 ^The anthropologist up to Galton's date had employed portraiture to distin- 

 ruish racial types physically. Galton employed portraiture to distinguish if 

 ^o.ssible between mental types. He may have been pui-suing a will-o'-the- 

 vvis}), but this psychical investigation was really at the basis of all his photo- 

 graphic work, and he was interested in my desire for a photographic 'bi-pro- 

 jector, not in the first place because it would relieve the difficulties of an 

 editor, but chiefly because it would be of great .service in composite and 

 I analytical photography. It may be that it is rather on the play of features 

 than on their static form that our intuitive judgment as to mental and moral 



