RIVET OR CONE WHEAT 261 



square, 12-14 mm. across the sides ; spikelets 26-30, well filled, 3- to 4-grained ; 

 = 30-32 ; awns 10-11 cm. long, deciduous (Ear type i, Fig. 156). 



Empty glume, 8 mm. long, blue-black on a reddish ground ; in damp seasons 

 the ear is pale ashy-brown or " mouse coloured " ; apical tooth 1-1-5 mm - l n g 

 (4, Fig. 152). 



Grain, starchy, yellowish-red, plump, apex truncate, dorsal ridge prominent ; 

 7-5-8 mm. long, 3-7 mm. broad, 3-65 mm. thick. 



The term " Cone " applied to this and similar forms of T. turgidum probably 

 refers to the slightly tapering conical ear, which results when the lower spikelets 

 develop more and plumper grains than the upper. 



Long Cone and White Cone wheats are mentioned by Plot in his Natural 

 History of Oxfordshire in 1677, along with a Eed Cone form called Pendule 

 wheat. 



Grey Cone or Grey Pollard, also called Dugdale and Duckbill wheat, 

 grown frequently in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in England, 

 was a form with shorter ears and reddish-grey glumes. The specimen labelled 

 " Grey Pollard " in Petiver's Herbarium (British Museum) is about 7 cm. long, 

 one of " Cone wheat " in the same collection being 8-5 cm. long. 



A sample of Payne's Defiance from Germany consisted of Blue Cone and 

 Red Rivet (var. dinurum). 



Ear bearded, branched ; glumes blue-black, pubescent ; grain red. 



T. turgidum, var. coeleste. Handb. d. Getr. i. 64 (1885). 



From the cross T. dicoccum, var. cladurum x T. turgidum, var. iodurum, 

 Kornicke obtained this variety and a similar beardless unbranched variety (var. 

 coelestoides], neither of which was constant. 



Ear beardless, simple ; glumes blue-black, pubescent ; grain red. 



T. turgidum, var. subiodurum, Korn. Arch.f. Biontologie, ii. 401 (1908). 



The product of a cross obtained by Gustav Bestehorn. Kornicke states 



that it is constant, and differs only from var. iodurum in possessing beardless ears. 



