pounds, and the dry feed required for 100 pounds of gain averaged 326 pounds. 

 As already noted (p. 45) Calf No. 73 when changed from Meal No. 1 to this 

 meal showed a marked improvement in growth. 



Skim Milk. 



As a standard with which to compare results from our numerous substitutes 

 skim milk was fed to six calves. The maximum amount fed to any one calf 

 was 12 quarts daily. The calves were all weaned to skim milk during the 

 second week of their lives, except that two quarts of whole milk were given 

 daily until eight weeks of age in order to supply a little milk fat. Additional 

 mineral matter was supplied in the form of mineral mixture No. 1 (one part, 

 by weight, salt, to two parts calcium carbonate), three grams of this mixtm'e 

 being added to each quart of skim milk fed. The calves were tdught to eat 

 dry grain in the form of Meal No. 5 when about 4 to 5 weeks of age. 



All six calves made excellent, some of them phenomenal growth, which was 

 to be expected. The average daily gain was 1.68 pounds; one calf made daily 

 gains of over two pounds. The amount of dry feed required for 100 pounds 

 of gain was 251 pounds. 



Skim-milk powder and corn starch. 



The dried milk industry has of recent years developed very rapidly. Ac- 

 cording to Hunziker* there were forty-seven concerns producing skim-milk 

 l^owder in the United States in the year 1919, and their total output was over 

 thirty-three million pounds. A considerable quantity of the output is so-called 

 "third grade," unsuited for domestic or bakers' consumption but suitable for 

 animal feeding. This can be had at a reasonable price and as it solves the 

 transportation and storage problems of liquid skim milk its value for calf 

 feeding is worthy of thorough study. As already noted we have used more 

 or less of it in all our formulae, as high as 20 per cent in Meal No. 2. During 

 the summer of 1923 a somewhat different method of feeding it was given a 

 trial. 



A gruel consisting of two parts of skim-milk powder to one part of corn 

 stard'; was fed to seven calves, the maximum amount to any one calf being 

 nine quarts of the gruel. The corn starch was added to the 'milk in order to 

 widen the nutritive ratio, and thus protect the protein from being used as a 

 source of energy. 



The weaning procedure and other details were identical with those followed 

 for the calves raised on Meals 1 to 6 except that two quarts of whole milk 

 were fed daily until the calves were eight weeks old. The dry grain for this 

 lot and the next one was Meal No. 5. The gruel was prepared m the following 

 manner : 



3I/2 ounces skim-milk powder 



1% ounces corn starch 



1/10 ounce mineral mixture No. 2 (equal parts by 



weight salt and calcium carbonate) 

 1 quart water. 



The skim-milk powder and starch having been weighed out beforehand, the 

 necessary amount of cold water was measured out and the starch stirred into 

 it slowly and carefully, care being taken to have all lumps broken up. The 

 starch and water mixture was then heated slowly and with constant stirring 

 to a temperature about 170° -175° Fahrenheit, but not higher than 175° Fah- 

 renheit. The mixture was then cooled to 140° Fahrenheit and the skim-milk 

 powder and mineral mixture slowly stinred in. When the gruel had cooled 

 to blood heat it was ready to feed. This method of preparation insured a 

 uniform gniel free from lumps, and the solids did not settle out on standing. 

 Several gallons of the mixture were made up at one time and it kept well, 

 being quite sweet twenty-four hours after mixing if kept cool. The calves 



*Otto y. Hunziker, Condensed Milk and Milk Powder, 3d edition, 1920, p. 278. 



48 



