230 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 280 



Cranberries from the dry bog contained more dry matter and sugar. Acid 

 ■was unaffected. The l)erries from the dry bog appeared slightly wilted in com- 

 parison with those from the watered bog and averaged smaller in size. Several 

 varieties of cranberries were analyzed and were all within the range of composi- 

 tion reported in Bulletin 265. 



Astringent matter, wax, and quinic acid have been determined in some of 

 the most conmion varieties of cranberries. 



Determinations of wa.x were made by extracting the dried and pulverized 

 cranberries with carbon tetrachloride. This solvent was used instead of ether 

 because ether will dissolve malic acid which occurs in cranberries. Besides the 

 wax which exists in the skin, the extract includes oil from the seeds; but seeds 

 form only a small part of the fruit. The percentages of wax e.xtract m 14 varieties 

 ranged from 0.34 to 0.63. The wax was subsequently separated into two sub- 

 stances, one soluble and the other insoluble in petrolic ether. The insoluble 

 material is a dry, resinous substance, while the soluble is soft and greasy in 

 appearance. The wax is similar to the wax in apple skins and further study of 

 it is intended. 



Astringent matter was determined by the usual method of titration with 

 potassium perm.anganate, and fresh fruit was used. The range of percentages 

 in 12 varieties was from 0.25 to 0.46. Variations between varieties were too 

 narrow to explain differences in quality. 



The presence of quinic acid in cranberries was first annovmced this year by 

 Kohman and Sanborn (E. H. Kohman and N. H. Sanborn, Indus, and Engin. 

 Chem. 23:126, 1931). It does not lend itself to a sharp quantitative separation 

 from the citric and malic acids which occur with it in the fruit. A tentative 

 method was devised based on the different solubilities of lead and calcium salts 

 of citric, malic, and quinic acids. The range of approxim.ate percentages in nu- 

 merous determinations in 12 varieties was from 0.45 to 1.1 per cent. 



Milk Substitutes in the Growing of Young Calves. (J. B. Lindsey and 

 J. G. Archibald). The problem is worthy of continued study because of the 

 demand for fluid milk and the lack of skim milk for feeding. During 1930 studies 

 were made of the so-called dry feeding method which consisted of feeding milk 

 for the first four weeks of the calf's life and then substituting a dry grain mixture 

 and alfalfa or rowen. While it is possible to grow Holstein or other rugged calves 

 by this method, they appeared thin and not in as satisfactory condition as those 

 receiving skim milk or diluted skim milk powder for a longer period of time. 

 Therefore we do not feel like commending it. 



At present the following n ethod is being u.sed with a group of calves: \\ hole 

 milk is fed for one week, skim milk powder in the proportion of 3^ ounces to 

 each quart of warm water gradually substituted and fed until the calves are six 

 to eight weeks old, then replaced by a dry ration using an animal meal instead 

 of the more expensive skim milk powder. It is hoped that for conditions pre- 

 vailing in Massachusetts some such method will prove satisfactory and economical. 

 Thus fed, an average rugged calf would receive, up to four months of age, about 

 50 quarts of whole milk and 60 pounds of skim milk powder in addition to rowen 

 or alfalfa and a grain mi.xture. 



Two Systems of Dairy Cattle Feeding — High Roughage and Low Grain 

 versus Low Roughage and High Grain. (J. B. Lindsey and J. (!. Archibald). 

 This project was organized and started in the autumn of 1928 and was intended 

 to continue for several years. The object has been to determine the effect of 



