IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 63 



Carex arenaria, Linne. 



Europe and North Asia. One of the most powerful of sedges for 

 subduing rolling sand, not attracting pasture animals by its rigid 

 foliage. The roots are of medicinal value. 



Carex Moorcroftiana, Falconer. 



The Loongmur of the Alps of Thibet. One of the best of sedges 

 for staying the shifting sand by its deeply penetrating and creeping 

 roots. It forms an intricate net-work on the surface and beneath, 

 outliving most other fodder plants at its native places ; it becomes 

 available for cattle and horse food, particularly in the cold of 

 winter, and is held to be singularly invigorating to pasture animals. 



Carissa Arduina, Lamarck. 



South Africa. A shrub with formidable thorns, well adapted for 

 boundary-lines of gardens where rapidity of growth is not an 

 object. Quite hardy at Melbourne. C. ferox (E Meyer) and C. 

 grandiflora (A. de Cand.) are allied plants of equal value. The 

 East Australian, C. Brownii (F. von Mueller), can be similarly 

 utilised. The flowers of all are very fragrant. C. Carandas 

 (Linne) extends from India to China ; its berries are edible. 



Carpinus Americana, 



The Water-Beach or Ironwood of North America, thriving best on 

 the margins of streams. The wood is very fine grained, tough, and 

 compact ; used for cogs of wheels and any purpose where extreme 

 hardness is required, such as yokes, &c. (Robb). It is often 

 speckled and somewhat curled, thus fitted for superior furniture 

 (Simmons.) 



Carpinus Betulus, Linmi 



The Hornbeam. A tree 80 feet high. Middle and South Europe. 

 Wood pale, of a horny toughness and hardness, close-grained, but 

 not elastic. It is used by wheel- wrights, for cogs in machinery, and 

 for turnery (Laslett). It furnishes a good coal for gunpowder. 

 This tree would serve to arrest the progress of bush-fires, if planted 

 in copses or hedges like willows and poplars around forest planta- 

 tions. Four species occur in Japan : C. cordata, C. erosa, C. laxi- 

 flora, C. japonica (Blume). Carpinus viminea (Wallich) is a species 

 with durable wood from the middle regions of Nepal. 



Carthamus tinctorius, Linne. 



From Egypt to India. The Safflower. A tall annual, rather hand- 

 some herb. The florets produce yellow, rosy ponceau, and other 

 red shades of dye, according to various admixtures. Pigment prin- 

 ciples : carthamin and carthamus yellow. For domestic purposes 





