IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 77 



Chrysanthemum roseum, Adam. (Pyrethrum roseum, Bieb.) 



Sub-alpine South- West Asia. This perennial herb, with C. corono- 

 pifolium, Willdenow, yields the Persian insect-powder. 



Cicer arietinum, Linne. 



South Europe and Orient. The Gram or Chick Pea. An annual 

 herb, valuable as a pulse for grazing animals. An extensive article 

 of human diet in India. Colonel Sjkes counted as many as 170 

 seeds on one plant. In Spain, next to wheat, the most extensively 

 used plant for human food (Honourable Caleb Gushing). The 

 seeds can be converted into pea-meal or be used otherwise for 

 culinary purposes. 



Cichorium Endivia, Linne. 



South Europe, Orient, Middle Asia. A biennial plant, used since 

 ancient times as a culinary vegetable. 



Cichorium Intybus, Linne. 



Chicory. A well-known perennial plant, indigenous to Europe, 

 North Africa, and North and West Asia. The [roots much used 

 as a substitute for coffee. This plant requires a rich, deep, loamy 

 soil, but fresh manure is detrimental to the value of the root. It 

 is also a good fodder plant, especially for sheep. The root can 

 also be dressed and boiled for culinary purposes. The leaves 

 useful for salad. 



Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott. 



The Black Snake Root of North America. A perennial herb 

 of medicinal value, the root possessing emetic properties. 



Cinchona Calisaya, Ruiz and Pa von. * 



Yellow Peru Bark Tree. Andes of Peru, New Granada, Brazil 

 and Bolivia, 5,000 to 6,000 feet above the ocean. This tree 

 attains a height of 40 feet. It yields the Yellow Bark, and also 

 part of the Crown Bark. It is one of the richest yielders of 

 quinine, and produces besides cinchonidin, but yields little of other 

 alkaloids. The most valuable species in Bengal, braving occa- 

 sional night frost. This has flowered at Berwick (Victoria) already, 

 five years ago, under the care of Mr. G. W. Robinson, from plants 

 supplied by the author, therefore as far south as Port Phillip. 

 It grows under conditions more limited than those of C. succirubra, 

 nor is it so easily propagated. Not all its varieties furnish bark 

 of equal value. The Santa Fe variety ascends the Andes of New 

 Granada up to 10,000 feet, and produces the highly valuable soft 

 Columbia Bark. The variety Ledgeriana comes from Brazil, south- 

 east of the Titicaca lake. Its bark yielded in Java 11 to 12 per 

 cent, of quinine. 



