

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 121 



as Swamp-gum-tree, the mountain variety in Tasmania as Cider- 

 tree. Timber found by us here almost equal in strength to that of 

 E. macrorrhymla, E. rostrata and E. globulus. The other very 

 hardy Eucalypts comprise E. pauciflora, E. alpina, E. urnigera, E. 

 coccifera, and E. vernicosa, which all reach heights covered with 

 snow for several months in the year. 



Eucalyptus haemastoma, Smith. 



One of the White Gum-trees of New South Wales and South 

 Queensland, abundant in "many localties. This species attains a 

 considerable size, and furnishes fencing and rough building material, 

 also fuel of fair quality. Claims our attention particularly as fit 

 for culture on sandy land, for which very few other Eucalypts are 

 suited. A variety occurs with persistent stringy bark. 



Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F. v. Mueller.* 



New South Wales and South Queensland ; local vernacular name 

 Box-tree. To be regarded as a timber tree of great excellence, 

 on the authority of the Rev. Dr. Woolls. It is famous for the 

 hardness and toughness of its timber, which is used for railway- 

 sleepers, telegraph-posts, shafts, spokes, mauls, plough-beams, and 

 similar utensils. 



Eucalyptus Leucoxylon, E. v. Mueller.* 



The ordinary Iron-bark-tree of Victoria and some parts of South 

 Australia and New South Wales. It attains a height of 100 feet, 

 and supplies a valuable timber, possessing great strength und hard- 

 ness; it is much prized for its durability by carpenters, ship- 

 builders, etc. It is largely employed by waggon-builders for wheels, 

 poles, etc. ; by ship-builders for top-sides, treenails, the rudder 

 (stock), belaying-pins, and other purposes ; it is also used by turners 

 for rough work. It proved to be the strongest of all the woods 

 hitherto subjected to test by Mr. Luchmami and myself, bearing 

 nearly twice the strain of American Oak and Ash and excelling 

 even Hickory by about 18 per cent. It is much recommended for 

 railway-sleepers, and extensively used in underground mining work. 

 It is very extensively employed for the handles of axes and other 

 implements by Victorian manufacturers. The price of the timber in 

 the log is about 2s. 5d. per cubic foot in Melbourne. As it is for 

 some purposes superior to that of almost any other Eucalyptus, the 

 regular culture of this tree over wide areas should be fostered, 

 especially as it can be raised on stony ridges not readily available 

 for ordinary husbandry. The wood is sometimes pale, or in other 

 localities rather dark. The tree is generally restricted to the lower 

 Silurian sandstone and slate formation with ironstone and quartz. 

 The bark is remarkably rich in kino tannin, yielding up to 22 per 



