IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 183 



has become removed through boiling or soaking in salt water 

 becomes edible. It would lead too far to enumerate here many 

 others of the numerous species of Lupines, of which unquestion- 

 ably very many are eligible for agrarian purposes, while all are 

 acceptable as hardy, elegant, and easily-grown garden plants. One 

 (L. perennis, L.) extends in America to the Northern States 

 of the Union and Canada; fourteen are recorded from South 

 Europe, seventeen from Brazil, and numerous species from other 

 parts of America, where the limits of the genus are about Monte 

 Video southward and about Nootka Sound northward. The 

 majority of the species are perennial. The Egyptian L. Tennis, 

 Forsk., is closely allied to L. albus, and of equal use. 



Lupinus angustifolius, Linne. 



Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. An annual blue-flowered 

 species, preferable to L. luteus for grain harvest. 



Lupinus arboreus, Sims.* 



California. This has been used there for the reclamation of sand 

 on account of its long tap roots, the latter having been traced to a 

 depth of 25 feet, while the stems were only 3 feet high. The 

 germination is easy and the growth rapid on the sand-downs. For 

 aiding the young lupines for the first two months, to get hold of 

 the sand, barley is sown with them, as the latter sprouts in a few 

 days and holds the sand in the second week ; the lupine subse- 

 quently covers the sand with a dense vegetation in less than a year. 



Lupinus Douglasii, Agardh. 



Oregon and California. This somewhat woody species can along 

 with L. arboreus and L. Chamissonis, Escholtz, (L. albifrons, 

 Bentham), like many perennial Lupines from other countries, be 

 used for binding the sand. 



Lupinus luteus, Linne.* 



The Scented Yellow Lupine. Countries in the vicinity of the 

 Mediterranean Sea. This annual species is predominantly in use 

 through Middle Europe to improve sandy soil ; it is the best 

 of all yet tested, and will do even on coast drifts. It can also be 

 employed like some other lupines as a fodder herb, green as well as 

 for hay ; also as pasture herbs some Lupines are very valuable. 

 Lupine seeds are very fattening when used as an addition to 

 ordinary fodder, and are in this respect quite equal to oil-cake, while 

 the foliage is said to be not inferior to that of clover and more bulky. 

 Nevertheless some Lupines have proved poisonous to sheep. About 

 90 Ibs. of seeds are required for an acre. Langethal observes : 

 " What the Sainfoin does for the poorest limestone or marly soil, 



