IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 211 



deeply trenched. Manuring with well-decayed substances is 

 requisite annually, or every second or third year, according to cir- . 

 cumstances. Irrigation will add to the productiveness of the plant. 

 Mons. Eiordet distinguishes three main varieties, of which he 

 recommends two : 1. The Cayon, a small-sized tree, which comes 

 into bearing after three or four years, but it bears fully only every 

 second year ; its oil is fine with some aroma. 2. The Pendulier, a 

 larger tree, with long drooping branches, yielding an oil of first-rate 

 quality. Mons. Reynaud, '.' Culture de FOlivier," separates twelve 

 varieties, as cultivated in France, and recommends among them : 



1. The Courniau or Courniale, also called Plante de Salon, bearing 

 most prolifically a small fruit and producing an excellent oil. 



2. The Picholine, which by pruning its top branches is led to spread 

 over eight yards square or more. It is of weeping habit, yields a 

 good oil in fair quantity, and resists well the attacks of insects. 



3. The Mouraou or Mourette, a large tree also furnishing oil of a 

 very fine quality. Olive trees require judicious pruning immediately 

 after the fruit is gathered, when the sap is comparatively at rest. 

 They may be multiplied from seeds, cuttings, layers, suckers, trun- 

 cheons, or estacas and old stumps, the latter to be split. They can 

 also be propagated from protuberances at the base of the stem, 

 which can be sent long distances (Boothby). The germination of 

 the seeds is promoted by soaking the nutlets in a solution of lime 

 and wood ash. The seedlings can be budded or grafted after a few 

 years. Truncheons or estacas may be from one to many feet long 

 and from one inch to many inches thick ; they are placed horizon- 

 tally into the ground. Olive plantations at Grasse are worth from 

 .200 to 250 per acre. For many details the tract on the 

 " Culture of Olive and its Utilization," issued in Melbourne by the 

 Rev. Dr. Bleasdale, should be consulted, as it rests largely on its 

 author's observations during a long stay in Portugal. Also the 

 essay of Mr. S. Davenport in Adelaide. 



The following notes are derived from the important " Tratado del Cul- 

 tivo del Olivo en Espana," by the Chev. Capt. Jose de Hidalgo- 

 Tablada (second edition, Madrid, 1870). The Olive-tree will resist 

 for a short time considerable frost ( 15 C.), provided that the 

 thawing takes place under fogs or mild rain (or perhaps under a 

 dense smoke). It requires for ripening its fruit about one-third 

 more annual warmth than the vine. The Olive zones of South 

 Europe and North Africa are between 18 and 44 north latitude. 

 An elevation of about 550 feet corresponds in Spain, as far as this 

 culture is concerned to one degree further north. Olives do not 

 grow well on granite soil. The fruit produced on limestone forma- 

 tions is of the best quality. Gypsum promotes the growth of the 

 tree. An equable temperature serves best ; thus exposure to 

 prevailing strong winds is to be avoided. The winter temperature 

 should not fall below 7 C. The quantity of oil in the fruit varies 



