IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 251 



Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatore. 



California, 5,000 to 6,000 feet above sea-level. A very fine Fir, 

 300 feet high, with a perfectly straight stem. The wood is hard, 

 of a reddish colour, with handsome veins, but poor in resin. 



Pinus patula, Schiede and Deppe. 



In Mexico, at an elevation of 8,000 to 9,000 feet. A graceful Pine, 

 80 feet high. 



Pinus pendula, Solander. (P. microcarpa, Lambert.) 



From Labrador and Canada to Virginia. Small-coned American 

 Larch, Black Larch, or Tamarack, delighting in swampy ground. 

 A pine of pyramidal growth, 100 feet high. The timber is pale, 

 heavy, resinous, and 'as highly valued as that of the common Larch. 

 It is close-grained, well adapted for underground work ; it combines 

 lightness, strength, and durability ; much sought by shipbuilders, 

 as for knees, bends, and ship garlands it cannot be surpassed (Robb) ; 

 much in use also for railway ties. 



Pinus picea, Du R-oi.* (P. Abies, Linne.) 



Norway Spruce, Fichte. Middle and Northern Europe and 

 Northern Asia, rising from the plains to an elevation of 4,500 feet, 

 and forming extensive forests. It exceeds even the Birch in en- 

 durance of cold. Adapted to most kinds of soil. The tree attains 

 a height of 150 feet or even more, and furnishes an excellent 

 timber for building and furniture, for masts, spars, ladders, oars, &c., 

 commonly known under the name of White Deal. It also pro- 

 duces the Burgundy Pitch in quantity, while the bark is used for 

 tanning. Though enduring dry summers, this Spruce would have 

 to be restricted for timber purposes to the damp mountains. 



Pinus Pinaster, Solander.* (P. maritima, Poiret and De Candolle.) 



Cluster Pine. On the shores of the Mediterranean. This tree is 

 of quick growth, and rises up to 60 feet in height. The wood is 

 soft and resinous ; it yields largely the French turpentine. Among 

 the best Pines for consolidation of sandy coast-land, and converting 

 rolling sands into pasture and agricultural land. For ease of 

 rearing and rapidity of growth, one of the most important of all 

 Pines. On the testimony of Mr. J. Hoopes, it does not thrive well 

 on calcareous soil. W. J. Winter observed, that P. Pinaster and 

 the allied P. Pinea can withstand a shade-temperature of 118 F. 

 A tree 60 to 70 years old, heavily tapped, yields 12 to 16 Ibs. of 

 turpentine, equal to 4 Ibs. of resin and the rest oil of turpentine 

 (Simmonds). The tree comes into full flow of turpentine at about 

 25 years, and the tapping process, if only a slight one, is endured 



