IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 305 



The flowers are gently excitant and sudorific, the berries diaphoretic 

 and aperient (wine frequently manufactured from them), and the 

 inner bark in large doses a hydragogue cathartic and emetic. S. 

 xanthocarpa (F. v. Mueller) is a large Elder-tree of extra-tropical 

 East Australia. 



Sambucus nigra, Linne. 



The ordinaiy Elder. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. Known 

 to have exceptionally attained a height of 35 feet. The flowers are 

 of medicinal value, and an essential oil can be obtained from them. 

 The wood can be utilised for shoe-pegs and other purposes of 

 artisans. The berries are used for colouring port wine and other 

 purposes of dye. The roots of the Elder possess highly valuable 

 therapeutic properties, according to Dr. Al. Buettner. 



Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linne\ 



North-East America. A perennial herb. The root important as 

 a therapeutic agent, contains also dye principles. 



Sanguisorba minor, Scopoli. (Poterium Sanguisorla, Linne.) 



The Salad Burnet. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle 

 Asia. A perennial, easily disseminated and naturalised herb, 

 particularly adapted for calcareous soils. Serves as salad and 

 particularly as a sheep-fodder. 



Sanseviera Zeilanica, Willdenow. 



India. This thick-leaved liliaceous plant should not be passed in 

 this enumeration, as it has proved hardy in places free of frost. 

 Four pounds of leaves give about one pound of fibre, which unites 

 with softness and silky lustre extraordinary strength and tenacity, 

 serving in its native country for bow-strings. The plant might 

 be left to itself in rocky unutilised places. Several allied species 

 exist. 



Santalum album, Linne. 



India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A small 

 or middle-sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and roots. In the 

 drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest fragrance of the wood 

 is generated. S. Freycenetianum (Gaudichaud) produces sandal- 

 wood on the mountains of the Sandwich Islands up to 3,000 feet. 

 Several other species occur in Polynesia. The precious sandal-oil 

 is obtained by slow distillation from the heartwood and root, the 

 yield being about two and a half per cent. It is worth about <3 

 per pound. Santalum Austro-Caledonicum (Yieillard) from New 

 Caledonia furnishes there sandal- wood excellent for strength and 

 agreeableness of odour (Simmonds.) 



