IX EXTKA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 355 



is about 2,000 Ibs. per acre (Simmonds). Dr. W. Hamm, of 

 Vienna, has recently issued a Yine map of Europe, indicating the 

 distribution of the different varieties and the principal sources of 

 the various sorts of wine. The writer would now merely add that 

 the preservation of the grapes in a fresh state, according to M. 

 Charmeux's method, and the sundry modes of effecting the transit 

 of ripe grapes to long distances, ought to be turned to industrial 

 advantage. The pigment of the dark wine-berries is known as 

 racemic acid. The juice contains along with tartaric acid also 

 grape acid. All these chemically-defined substances have uses of 

 their own in art and science. It might be worthy of a trial how 

 far the Grape vine can be grafted on such other species of the 

 extensive genus Vitis as may not be attacked by the destructive 

 Pemphygus or Phylloxera. Irrespective of sulphur, latterly also 

 borax has been recommended against the Oidium disease. Pro- 

 fessor Monnier, of Geneva, has introduced the very expansive 

 sulphurous anhydrous acid gas against the Phylloxera, Dr. Her- 

 man Behr suggests for the mitigation of this plague the ignition of 

 wood near vineyards, when the insect is on its wings, as all such 

 insects seek fires and succumb in them largely when the sky is 

 overcast, or when the nights are without moonlight. Mr. Leacock, 

 in Madeira, applies advantageously to the roots of Yines affected 

 by Phylloxera a coating of a sticky solution of resin in oil of 

 turpentine. None of the remedies hitherto suggested however 

 seem to have proved really effective, or are not of sufficiently easy 

 and cheap application, as the Phylloxera pest is still rapidly on the 

 increase in Europe ; according to the latest accounts one-third of 

 all the vineyards of France are affected, and the disease is also 

 spreading in Italy and Spain. Inundation to the depth of a few 

 inches for about a month, where that is practicable, completely 

 suffocates the Phylloxera. In sandy soil this dreadful insect is 

 retarded in its development, action, and progress. Bisulphide of 

 carbon has proved the most efficient remedy ; this expansive fluid 

 is introduced into the soil by a peculiar injector, or through porous 

 substances (wood, earth), saturated with this bisulphide, the cost of 

 this operation being, in France, 3 10s. <4 per acre annually. 

 (Planchon, David, Marion, Robart, see also translations by K. 

 Staiger, and A. K. Findlay.) The American Yines seem generally 

 but little attacked by the Phylloxera j but their grapes, as hitherto 

 extant, cannot rival at all with the real Yine Grape. 



Vitis vulpina, Linne.* (Vitis rotundifolia, Michaux.) 



The Muscadine or Fox Grape. South-Eastern States of North 

 America. Extends also to Japan, Manchuria and the Himalayas. 

 This species also includes as varieties the Bullace, the Mustang, 

 the Bullate Grape, and both kinds of the Scuppernangs. The 



