IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 357 



(Mart.) ; this, with the two other Iriarteas, ascends the Andes to 

 5,000 feet. Oenocarpus multicaulis (Spruce) ascends to 4,000 feet,; 

 from six to ten stems are developed from the same root, each from 

 15 to 30 feet high. Euterpe ; of this two species occur in a zone 

 between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. Phytelephas microcarpa (R and P.), 

 eastern slope of the Peru Andes, ascending to 3,000 feet. Phytele- 

 phus macrocarpa (R and P.), also on the eastern side of the Andes, 

 up to 4,000 feet ; it is this superb species which yields by its seeds 

 part of the vegetable ivory. ' Phytelephas sequatorialis (Spruce), on 

 the west slope of the Peruvian Andes, up to 5,000 feet ; this Palm 

 is one of the grandest objects in the whole vegetable creation, its 

 leaves attaining a length of 30 feet ! The stem rises to 20 feet. 

 Palm ivory is also largely secured from this plant. Though equi- 

 noctial, it lives only in the milder regions of the mountains. Car- 

 ludovica palmata (R and P.), on the east side of the Andes of Peru 

 and Ecuador, up to 4,000 feet; the fan-shaped leaves from cultivated 

 specimens furnish the main material for the best Panama hats. 

 The illustrious Count de Castelnau saw many Palms on the borders 

 of Paraguay during his great Brazilian expedition. Most of these, 

 together with the Palms of Uruguay and the wide Argentine terri- 

 tory, would likely prove adapted for acclimation in temperate lati- 

 tudes ; but hitherto the limited access to those countries has left us 

 largely unacquainted with its vegetable treasures also in this direc- 

 tion. Yon Martius demonstrated so early as 1850 the occurrence 

 of the following Palms in extra-tropical South America : Ceroxylon 

 australe (Mart.), on high mountains in Juan Fernandez, at 30 

 south latitude; Jubsea spectabilis (Humb.), in Chili, at 40 south 

 latitude; Trithrinax Brasiliana (Mart.), at 31 south latitude; 

 Copernicia cerifera (Mart.), at 29 south latitude ; Acrocomia Totai 

 (Mart.), at 28 south latitude ; Cocos Australis (Mart.), at 34 south 

 latitude; Cocos Yatai (Mart.), at 32 south latitude; Cocas Roman- 

 zoffiana (Cham.), at 28 south latitude ; Diplothemium littorale 

 (Mart.), at 30 south latitude. All the last-mentioned Palms occur 

 in Brazil, the A crocomia and Trithrinax extending to Paraguay, and 

 Cocos Australis to Uruguay and the La Plata States. 

 While some Palms, as indicated, descend to cooler latitudes, others 

 ascend to temperate and even cold mountain regions. Among the 

 American species are prominent in this respect Euterpe Andicola 

 (Brogn.), E. Haenkeana (Brogn.), E. longivaginata (Mart.), Diplo- 

 themium Porallyi (Mart.), and Ceroxylon pithyrophyllum (Mart.), 

 all occurring on the Bolivian Andes at an elevation of about 8,000 

 feet. Ceroxylon Andicola (Humb.), Kunthia montana (Humb.), 

 Oreodoxa frigida (Humb.), and Geonoma densa (Linden) reach also 

 on the Andes of New Granada a height of at least 8,000 feet. Cer- 

 oxylon Klopstockia (Mart.) advances on the Andes of Yenezuela to 

 a zone of 7,500 feet altitude, where Karsten saw stems 200 feet 

 high, with leaves 24 feet long. There also occur Syagrus Sancona 



