TORULA BRETTANOMYCES 299 



TORULA OF LINDNER AND MEISSNER 



Lindner l has described two Torula in detail from the collection at 

 Berlin. They are Torula Nos. 63 and 64. Their cells often reach the 

 size of beer yeast and present a very granular protoplasm. The first 

 of these two species forms a cartilaginous scum on beer wort, difficult 

 to crush under the cover slip with a moist and transparent appear- 

 ance. On wort gelatin in streaks, it produces a mucous deposit, 

 sometimes cartilaginous. Under the same conditions, the second 

 variety produces a mucous sediment. The cells of both species rarely 

 contain fat globules and possess a thick membrane, the exterior mem- 

 brane of which shows a tendency to detach itself. Eleven forms of 

 Torula have been isolated by Meissner. 2 They cause a defect in wine 

 in which it becomes thick and greasy. 



TORULA NOVAE CARLSBERGIAE. Gronlund 3 



This species has cells of various shapes and gives a disagreeable 

 taste to beer wort. According to Schjerning, it inverts saccharose 

 and sets up an alcoholic fermentation in solutions of saccharose, dex- 

 trose and maltose. In beer wort, it is able to reproduce about 4.7 

 per cent of alcohol by volume. 



TORULA BRETTANOMYCES. Clausen 



Under this name, Clausen 4 described a special group of Torula 

 which produced a secondary fermentation in English beers. It differs 

 from other Torula in that, if a preliminary fermentation is carried on 

 by Saccharomyces, it will multiply and ferment the remaining sugar. 

 It forms acids which combine with the alcohols to form aromatic 

 substances giving the beer a special flavor and aroma. Schionning 5 

 has studied this group. The Torula which make up this group fer- 

 ment maltose actively. In beer wort with about 10 per cent saccha- 

 rose, they form about 10 per cent of alcohol by volume but the fer- 



1 Lindner, P. See reference for Willia belgica. 



* Meissner, R. Studien iiber das Zahnwerden von Most u. Wein. Landw. 

 Jahrb. 27, 1898. 



3 Gronlund, Ch. En ny Torula-Art og to nye Saccharomyces Arter. Vi- 

 densk. medd. fra den Natur. Foren. Copenhagen, 1892. 



4 Clausen, H. Occurrence of Brettanomyces in American Lagerbeer. Amer. 

 Brewing Rev. 19, 1905. 



5 Schionning, H. On Torula in English Beer Manufacture. Comp. Rend, 

 trav. lab. de Carlsberg, 7, 1908. 



