CLASS IIT. T. 1. 3. OF VOLITION. 



more suddenly to exhaust the sensorial power, and because the 

 teeth are very sensible to cold. 



These convulsive motions are nevertheless restrainable by vio- 

 lent voluntary counteraction; and as their intervals are owing 

 to the pain of cold being for a time relieved by their exertion, 

 they may be compared to laughter, except that there is no in- 

 terval of pleasure preceding each moment of pain in this as in 

 the latter. 



M. M. See I. 2. 2. 1. 



3. Clamor. Screaming from pain. The talkative animals, 

 as dogs, and swine, and children, scream most, wh.en they are ia 

 pain, and even from fear; as they have used this kind of exer- 

 tion from their birth most frequently and most forcibly; and 

 can therefore sooner exhaust (he accumulation of sensorial power 

 in the affected muscular or sensual organs b\ this mode of 

 exertion; as described in Sect. XXXIV. i. 3. This facility of 

 relieving pain by screaming is the source of laughter, as explain- 

 ed below. 



4. Risus. The pleasurable sensations, which occasion laugh- 

 ter are perpetually passing into the bounds of pain; for pleasure 

 and pain are often produced by different degrees of the same 

 stimulus; as warmth, light, aromatic or volatile odours, become 

 painful by their excess; and the tickling on the soles of the feet 

 in children is a painful sensation at the very time it produces 

 laughter. When the pleasurable ideas, which excite us to laugh, 

 pass into pain, we use some exertion, as a scream, to relieve the 

 pain, but soon stop it again, as we are unwilling to lose the 

 pleasure; and thus we repeatedly begin to scream, and stop again 

 alternately So that in laughing there are three stages, first of 

 pleasure, then pain, then an exertion to relieve that pain. See 

 Sect. XXXIV. 1.3. 



Every one has been in a situation, where some ludicrous cir- 

 cumstance has excited him to laugh; and at the same time a 

 sense of decorum has forbid the exertion of these interrupted 

 screams; and then the pain has become so violent, as to occa- 

 sion him to use some other great action, as biting his tongue, and 

 pinching himself, in lieu of the reiterated screams which consti- 

 tute laughter. 



5 Convulsio. Convulsion. When the pains from defect or 

 excess of motion are more distressing than those already describ- 

 ed, and are not relievable by such partial exertions, as in scream- 

 ing, or laughter, more general convulsions occur; which vary 

 perhaps according to the situation of the pained part, or to some 

 previous associations formed by the early habits of life. When 

 these convulsive motions bend the body forwards, they are termed 



