IV. 2. 3. 7. OF ASSOCIATION. 425 



that of anger; for in these situations there is always a sudden 

 voluntarily, or wish, of clearing their characters arises in the 

 mind of the accused person; which, before an opportunity is 

 given for it to be expended on the large muscles, influences the 

 capillary arteries and glands, as in the preceding article. Whence 

 the increased actions of the capillaries, and the consequent red- 

 ness and heat, become exerted between the voluntary ideas of 

 seif-defence, and the muscular actions necessary for that purpose; 

 which last are thus for a time interrupted or delayed. 



Even in the blush of modesty or bashfulness there is a self- 

 condemnation for some supposed defect or indecorum, and a 

 suddenly voluntarity, or wish, of self-defence; which, not being 

 expended in actions of the larger muscles, excites the capillaries 

 into action; which in these subjects are more mobile than in 

 others. 



The blush of young girls on coming into an assembly-room, 

 where they expect their dress, and steps, and manner, to be ex- 

 amined, as in dancing a minuet, may have another origin; and 

 may be considered as a hot fit of returning confidence after a 

 previous, cold fit of fear. 



7. Tarditas paralytica. By a stroke of the palsy or apoplexy 

 it frequently happens that those ideas which were associated in 

 trains, whose first link was a voluntary idea, have their connection 

 dissevered; and the patient is under the necessity, by repeated 

 efforts, slowly to renew their associations. In this situation those 

 words, which have the fewest other words associated with them, 

 as the proper names of persons or places, are the most difficult 

 to recollect And in those efforts of recollection the word op- 

 posite to the word required is often produced, as hot for cold, 

 winter for summer, which is owing to our associating our ideas 

 of things by their opposites as well as by their similitudes, and 

 in some instances perhaps more frequently, or more forcibly. 

 Other paralytic patients are liable to give wrong names to exter- 

 nal objects, as using the word pigs for sheep, or cows for horses; 

 in this case the association between the idea of the animal and 

 the name of it is dissevered; but the idea of the class or genus of 

 the thing remains; and he takes a name from the first species 

 which presents itself, and sometimes can correct himself, till he 

 finds the true one. 



8. Tarditas senilis. Slowness of age. The difficulty of asso- 

 ciating ideas increases with our age; as may be observed from 

 old people forgetting the business of the last hour, unless they 

 impress it strongly, or by frequent repetition, though they can 

 well recollect the transactions of their youth. I saw an elderly 

 man who could reason with great clearness and precision, and 



VOL. ii. 3 i 



