332 



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PIG. 161. Diagrams of the girdles and appendages in a typical Vertebrate. A, anterior; B, 

 posterior, ac., acetabulum, articulation of the humerus with its girdle; c, coracoid; ca., carpals; 

 c.e.. centralia; d.c., distal carpals; d.t. t distal tarsals; ^..elbow joint;/, fibula;/*., femur;/*., fibulare; 

 gc. t glenoid cavity, articulation of arm with girdle; h, humerus; il., ilium; in., intermediale; is. 

 ischium; kn., knee joint; m.c., metacarpals (1-5); m.t., metatarsals (1-5); P, pubis; ph., phalanges 

 (J-S); Pr-c., precoracoid; r, radius; ra., radiale; sc., scapula; /, tibia; la., tarsals; <*'., tibiale; ., ulna; 

 ul., ulnare. 



Questions on the figures. Compare the two appendages throughout and note 

 the corresponding bones. How much is girdle? How much appendage proper? 

 How many carpals? Tarsals? Which are proximal? Which distal? How do 



