MAN 473 



this is regarded as an extinct species; one of several now extinct 

 types of men that have been discovered. We have signs of the 

 gradual improvement of his stone implements from rough to 

 smooth; the introduction of other material as bone and, later, 

 copper, bronze, and iron. It is only after the thousands of years 

 of this primitive, unrecorded history that we come to the his- 

 tory of such well-separated nations as those of the Euphrates 

 and Nile valleys, whose monuments and inscriptions are believed 

 to take us back 6,000 years or more. 



476. The Principal Types of Men and Their Distribution. 



It is not perfectly certain that all the men of to-day should really 

 be placed in one species, although if we follow them back far 

 enough they may have had a common origin. The pigmies of 

 Africa or the Negritos of the Philippines are more removed from 

 the Caucasian than is true of many separate species of the wild 

 animals, and the differences are both characteristic and constant. 

 The varieties of men are innumerable, but there is a tendency 

 to group them all under three main heads which we may call: 

 (i) The white or Caucasian; (2) the yellow or Mongolian, and 

 (3) the black or African. To these are often added the red or 

 native American, and certain island and peninsular types that 

 do not agree very well with any of the others. The most striking 

 external differences are : The color of the skin, the structure and 

 appearance of the hair, the form of the nose (which is also 

 used in distinguishing the apes), the form of the jaw and skull, 

 and the character of the language. Under the Caucasian race 

 are included the wavy-haired peoples, as the chief European 

 peoples, the Egyptians, the Jews, the Arabs, the East Indians, 

 and the peoples of the Caucasus who give the name to the race. 

 The Mongolians would include the straight-haired, yellowish 

 and brownish varieties, as the Chinese, Mongols, Manchus, 

 Tartars, Japanese, Turks, Finns, and possibly the native 

 American tribes, as Esquimo, Indians, and the South and 

 Central American peoples. The black or negro race includes 

 many tropical forms dark in color and with wavy or kinky hair. 

 Such are, the dwarf Negrillos of central Africa; the Hottentots 

 and Bushmen; the Negroes of the Nile, of the Senegambia, and 



