474 ZOOLOGY 



of Guinea; the Caffres, Zulus, and other tribes of the east coast; 

 and many others. 



The great number of these human races, or varieties, is an 

 evidence of the long time man has been on the earth and of his 

 adaptability. They have arisen and have been increased by the 

 natural tendency to vary, by the effects of climate, by migration 

 and isolation, by interbreeding, by conscious selection of mates 

 in accordance with local standards of attractiveness, and the like. 

 This phase of zoology is known as Ethnography. 



477. Topics for the Library. i. Study the effects of tropical 

 conditions on the human race, as judged by the races of men now 

 found there: Effects on skin; on physical and mental states; on 

 industrial and social life. 



2. Study similarly the effects of life in the temperate 

 zones. What is the value to man of the alternation of summer 

 and winter, in encouraging thrift and foresight; in the perma- 

 nency and character of homes, etc. The effects of these things 

 on stability of government and of social institutions generally. 



3. Similarly study the conditions of extreme cold, as seen 

 in the life of the Esquimos, Finns, Laplanders, and the like. 



4. Where were the highest examples of aboriginal civilization 

 on the American continent when it was discovered ? Describe. 



5. Describe the steps whereby the clan, the tribe, and 

 the nation may be built up with the home as the starting-point. 

 What new personal qualities are called for and cultivated by the 

 social life of the tribe ? 



6. Illustrate the effects of the physical geography of the 

 earth on man's life and history. Examples: Egypt; Greece; 

 Palestine ; the Mediterranean Sea ; the depression formed by the 

 Hudson River and Lake Champlain; the Allegheny mountains; 

 effects of continents on races. 



7. On the whole, does it seem that man has been sub- 

 ject to the same influence by external conditions which we have 

 found in the lower animals? Illustrate. 



8. Human migrations. Cite some of those that belong to 

 recorded history and look at their causes and results. 



