DEVELOPMENT OF ZOOLOGY 511 



Buff on (1707-1788), in his Natural History, Cuvier (1769- 

 1832) in his "Animal Kingdom," Lamarck (1774-1829), von 

 Siebold (1804-1885) and many later naturalists have worked 

 to perfect our system of classification of animals. 



517. Anatomy and its Divisions. We have seen that Galen 

 studied the anatomy of lower mammals to throw light on 

 medicine. His accounts became the accepted rule for centuries. 

 Vesalius (1514-1564) a physician, born in Brussels, made elabo- 

 rate studies of the anatomy of the human body as well as of 

 many other animals. He published a great work on the "Struc- 

 ture of the Human Body," in which he denied many of the views 

 held previously. His discoveries were illustrated by many 

 most effective figures and plates. Both because of the scope of 

 his work and the investigative spirit Vesalius laid the foundation 

 of modern scientific Biology. It was not so much that all his 

 conclusions were correct. He did what was much better; he 

 made it possible for his successors to criticise and add to his 

 own work. This makes progress. 



From the study of the habits and exterior of animals, and 

 the study of human anatomy, students would naturally pass to 

 a study of internal structure. As time passed and details of 

 structure accumulated, two lines of study would be developed: 

 a comparison of the structure of different organisms, and, second, 

 the study of smaller and smaller structures. The former is 

 called Comparative Anatomy, and the latter Histology and 

 Cytology. 



As in all other branches there were forerunners, but the 

 French naturalist Cuvier was the first zoologist to undertake to 

 compare the structures of all the groups of animals. His work 

 strongly influenced his successors, particularly in France. He 

 was thus the real founder of comparative anatomy. It was on 

 the basis of these studies in anatomy that he made his con- 

 tribution to the classification of animals. Some of those who 

 continued the work of Cuvier were, Milne-Edwards (1800-1885) 

 a Frenchman, who gave us the idea of differentiation of parts and 

 division of labor and showed its value; Richard Owen (1804- 

 1892) an Englishman who developed the contrasts of analogy 



