522 ZOOLOGY 



6. Relation to human. welfare: use as food; effects on crops 

 and domestic animals; the production or dissemination of dis- 

 ease in man; capability of domestication; other qualities help- 

 ful or hurtful to human interests. Which phyla furnish spe- 

 cies susceptible of domestication ? 



7. Diseases among animals other than man. 



8. Coloration: pigments, internal and external; other modes 

 of producing color; location of the color; supposed uses. 



9. Principal methods of avoiding or surviving unfavorable 

 periods, as cold, drouth, and the like. 



10. Qualities of offense and defense. 



11. Protective resemblance and mimicry. Other passive 

 modes of protection. 



12. Parasitism and the degree of degeneracy resulting 

 from it. 



IV. Geographical Distribution. Select several representa- 

 tive species from each animal phylum and learn everything 

 you can concerning their distribution on the earth. Are they 

 local species or cosmopolitan species? What seems to be the 

 reason for the fact? Are all the phyla cosmopolitan? Com- 

 pare the animal phyla from the following points of view: 



1. The facilities for migration. The special modes of 

 migration, both active and passive. 



2. What are the principal barriers to migration and distri- 

 bution in the case of the representatives chosen for study ? 



3.' Find instances of species of animals apparently closely 

 related, with different geographical distribution. Compare, 

 for example, the species of hares and rabbits found in North 

 America; the species of lynx; of bears; of the alligators; spe- 

 cies of Unio; of the lobster; of the genus Equus. 



4. Make a local map of the region about your school on a 

 large scale. Show all ponds, streams, lakes, marshes, mead- 

 ows, uplands, forests, etc. Show by suitable symbols where 

 various species of animals are to be found with reasonable 

 certainty. Keep in a note-book belonging to the laboratory 

 a memorandum of each new species found, and of a new local- 

 ity for a known species. In time the map and the note-book 

 will be a good account of the local distribution of species. 



