1 14 OF INSTINCT. SECT. XVI. 3. 5, 



man features. For in children this expreflion of pleafure is 

 much encouraged, by their imitation of their parents, or friends ; 

 who generally addrefs them with a fmiling countenance : and 

 hence fome nations are more remarkable for the gaiety, and oth> 

 ers for the gravity of their looks. 



5. Of Anger. 



The actions that conftitute the mode of fighting, are the im- 

 mediate language of anger in all animals ; and a preparation 

 for thefe actions is the natural language of threatening. Hence 

 the human creature clenches his fift, and fternly furveys his ad- 

 verfary, as if meditating where to make the attack ; the ram, 

 and the bull, draws himfelf fome fteps backwards, and levels his 

 horns ; and the horfe, as he mod frequently fights by ftriking 

 with his hinder feet, turns his heels to his foe, and bends back 

 his ears, to liften out the place of his adverfary, that the threat- 

 ened blow may not be ineffectual. 



6. Of Attention. 



The eye takes in at once but half our horizon, and that only 

 in the day, and our fmell informs us of no very diftant objects, 

 hence we confide principally in the organ of hearing to apprize 

 us of danger ; when we hear any the fmalleft found, that we 

 cannot immediately account for, our fears are alarmed, we fuf- 

 pend our fteps, hold every mufcle (till, open our mouths a little, 

 erect our ears, and liften to gain further information : and this 

 by habit becomes the general language of attention to objects of 

 fight as well as of hearing ; and even to the fucceflive trains of 

 our ideas. 



The natural language of violent pain, which is exprefTed by 

 writhing the body, grinning and fcreaming ; and that of tumul- 

 tuous pleafure, exprefled in loud laughter ; belong to Section 

 XXXIV. on Difeafes from Volition. 



IX. It muft have already appeared to the reader, that all other 

 animals as well as men, are poflefied of this natural language of 

 the pafllons, exprefled in figns or tones ; and we fhall endeav- 

 our to evince, that thofe animals, which have preferved them- 

 felves from being enilaved by mankind, and are aflbciated in 

 flocks, are alfo pofTefled of fome artificial language, and of fome 

 traditional knowledge. 



The mother turkey, when (lie eyes a kite hovering high in air, 

 has either feen her own parents thrown into fear at his pref- 

 pnce, or has by obfervation been acquainted with his dangerous 



defigns 



