viii Preface. 



ington, D.C. These pamphlets may serve as the nucleus of a reference 

 library. These reports, and as many other books as the school can 

 afford, should be accessible to the student, and he should be encouraged 

 to use them freely. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The manuscript, entire or in part, has been 

 critically read by Professors M. A. Bigelow, Teachers College, Columbia 

 University; H. Carman, State College of Kentucky; F. R. Lillie, 

 University of Chicago ; T. H. Montgomery, University of Pennsyl- 

 vania; M. M. Ricker, Burlington, Iowa; and J. M. Tyler, Amherst 

 College. The manuscript has been corrected by Miss Chestine Gowdy, 

 teacher of grammar, Illinois State Normal University. 



The proofs have been read by Professors M. F. Arey, State Normal 

 School, Cedar Falls, Iowa ; A. C. Boyden, State Normal School, Bridge- 

 water, Massachusetts; M. J. Elrod, University of Montana; J. W. 

 Folsom, University of Illinois ; H. Carman, State College of Kentucky ; 

 W. S. Jackman, University of Chicago ; H. S. Jennings, University of 

 Michigan ; J. M. Johnson, Peter Cooper High School, New York ; 

 S. J. Hunter, University of Kansas; Louis Murbach, Detroit High 

 School; Frank Smith, University of Illinois; H. B. Ward, University 

 of Nebraska. To all of these the author extends his most sincere 

 thanks. Their criticisms have weeded out many errors ; but for those 

 that remain they are in no way responsible. 



In most cases the sources of the cuts are indicated in the captions. 

 About forty of the cuts" are original. The drawings of the clam were 

 made by Mr. Frank J. George, now a teacher in the Philippines. Most 

 of the other original drawings were made by Miss Esther Mohr. 



NORMAL, ILLINOIS, 

 February 19, 1903. 



