DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 223 



three, feet presented, and they have not all belonged to the same 

 lamb. In the space at our disposal it would not be possible to 

 describe all these mal-presentations, and give directions as to the 

 means of overcoming the difficulties, but we can concentrate the 

 experience of many cold and miserable nights in the lambing-pen 

 into a few earnest words of advice to the beginner to remember 

 that there is plenty of room where the lamb came from. Almost 

 all the difficulty that the beginner meets with is through want of 

 remembering this fact. He tries to get his hand into a narrow 

 passage already full, and finds he cannot work. He fears to let 

 a foot or other part out of sight. If he will provide himself with 

 a few cords with one, two, and three knots in them, by which 

 he may presently know to what they belong, he can secure a part 

 without fearing never to see it again. He can then push back 

 the unborn one, and commence afresh to get the parts into line. 

 If he can see nothing, and can only feel a living wall (as when the 

 back is presented), he can push back with better hope that some 

 other part will come with the next labour pain. One other word 

 to the accoucheur, and that is, pull only when the ewe herself is 

 striving, unless she is spent and has given it up. Thefc he must 

 hasten, and then only, but he should give a rousing stimulant 

 before employing force. 



COMING OUT OF THE WOMB. 



Following on difficult or prolonged labours the womb may become 

 everted when the after-pains occur. This is a serious accident, 

 and only prompt measures will succeed in saving the animal's 

 life. The parts should be carefully cleansed and dressed with 

 a strong carbolic mixture, such as one part of acid to fourteen 

 of olive oil, then carried in with gentle, continuous force, and 

 secured by a West's clamp. The ewe should be given two to 

 four drams of laudanum with half an ounce of sweet spirit of nitre 

 and made comfortable on a dry place. 



COMING OUT OF VAGINA AND OF BLADDER. 



In some cases the womb will hold, but the vagina in part is 

 everted after the strain of parturition, or the bladder is turned 

 inside out. A veterinary surgeon will be able to replace the bladder, 

 and we have known some shepherds too who have succeeded, 

 but it needs very nice handling, and cannot well be described. 

 When replaced, the same sedative treatment as for coming out of 

 the womb is recommended. 



NOT CLEANSING. 



Retention of the placental membranes is usual in abortions 

 and very general in premature births. It is not rare when the 



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