NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RAW AND BOILED MILK 193 



counted in the milk was 45,000 per c.c. and in the cream 

 30,000,000. When prepared in the bottles the average number 

 of bacteria in the raw milk was 1,200,000 per c.c. and in the 

 pasteurised about 1000. Investigations of the bacterial content 

 carried out later in the same days from similar bottles showed 

 counts respectively of 20,000,000 and 50,000 per c.c. Of the 

 fifty-one children who were fed on raw milk, thirteen had to be 

 transferred before the end of the period of observation to pasteurised 

 milk, on account of attacks of diarrhoea which supervened. The 

 figures given are not favourable to raw milk, and the physicians 

 who carried out the investigations believed that the comparative 

 results would have been still less favourable had these thirteen 

 children all been kept upon the raw milk. 



The children were taken off milk when an attack of diarrhoea 

 supervened. 



Variot and Lorenz-Monod carried out some observations upon 

 children fed upon raw milk. 1 The milk was obtained from a large 

 dairy and from tuberculin-tested cows. It was delivered packed 

 in ice and saw-dust and was kept cold until use. Bacteriologically 

 it was sterile, and was chemically of very good quality. Eighteen 

 children were fed upon pure raw milk and of these cases five died. 

 Three did well and remained well for the whole period. Several 

 had serious intestinal trouble, when it was necessary to replace 

 the raw milk by Lepelletier's milk or by condensed milk. The 

 children were grouped under headings according to their ages. 



Variot noticed that the stools were particularly offensive in 

 many of the cases, and bacteriological examination showed a 

 preponderance of organisms of the coli type. The children did 

 well when the diet was altered to other foods. 



The experiments described above do not carry the observa- 

 tions over a sufficiently prolonged period, nor is the number of 

 children sufficient for deductions to be made from them for the 

 general infant population. In 1911 I was commissioned by the 

 Local Government Board to carry out investigations on a large 

 scale, using healthy infants or reasonably healthy infants only. 



Of late years the rise of infant consultations, where healthy 



1 Their work, published in 1914, is here out of its chronological position 

 but it is more convenient to consider it before taking the Berlin material. 



