CONTENTS. ix 



logical Observations of Ziwolka. — The cold Summer of Nova Zembla. — VonBaer's scientific Voyage 

 to Nova Zembla. — His Adventures in Matoschkin Schar. — Storm in Kostin Schar. — Sea Batii and 

 votive Cross. — Botanical Observations. — A natural Garden. — Solitude and Silence. — A Bird Ba- 

 zar. — Hunting Expeditions of the Russians to Nova Zembla Page 147 



CHAPTER- XII. 



THE LAPPS. 



Tlieir ancient History and Conversion to Christianity. — Self-denial and Poverty of the Lapland Clergy. 

 — Their, singular Mode of Preaching. — Gross Superstition of the Lapps. — The Evil Spirit of the 

 Woods. — The Lapland Witches.— Physical Constitution of the Lapps. — Their Dress. — The FjalUap- 

 pars. — Their Dwellings. — Store-houses. — Reindeer Pens. — Milking the Reindeer.— Migration.— 

 The Lapland Dog. — Skiders, or Skates. — The Sledge, or Pulka.— Natural Beauties of Lapland.— 

 Attachment of the Lapps to their Country.— Bear-hunting.— Wolf-hunting.— Mode of Living of the 

 wealthy Lapps.— How they kill the Reindeer.— Visiting the Fair.— Manmion Worship.— Treasure- 

 hiding. — " Tabak, or Braende."— Affectionate Disposition of the Lapps.— Tlie Skogslapp.— The 

 Fisherlapp 156 



CHAPTER XIIL 



MATTHIAS ALEXANDER CASTEEN. 



His Birthplace and first Studies.— Journey in Lapland, 1838.— The Iwalojoki.— The Lake of Enara.— 

 The Pastor of Utzjoki. — From Rowaniemi to Kemi. — Second Voyage, 1841-44. — Storm on the 

 White Sea. — Return to Archangel. — The Tundras of the European Samoiedes. — Mesen. — Universal 



• Drunkenness.— Sledge Journey to Pustosersk. — A Samoiede Teacher. — Tundra Storms.— Abandon- 

 ed and alone in the Wilderness.— Pustosersk. — Our Traveller's Persecutions at Ustsylmsk and Ish- 

 emsk. — The Uusa.— Crossing the Ural.— Obdorsk.— Second Siberian Journey, 1845-48.— Overflow- 

 ing of the Obi.— Surgut. — Krasnojarsk. — Agreeable Surprise.— Turuchansk.—Voj-age down the 

 Jenissei.— Castren's Study at Plachina. — From Dudinka to Tolstoi Noss.— Frozen Feet.— Returii 

 Voyage to the South.— Frozen fast on the Jenissei. — Wonderful Preservation.— Journey across the 

 Chinese Frontiers, and to Transbaikalia.— Return to Finland.— Professorship at Ilelsingfors.— Death 

 of Castren, 1855 168 



* CHAPTER XIV. 



THE SAMOIEDES. 



Their Barbarism. — Nuni, or Jilibeambaertje. — Shamanism. — Samoiede Idols. — Sjadtci. — Hahe. — The Ta- 

 debtsios, or Spirits. — The Tadibes, or Sorcerers. — Their Dress. — Their Invocations. — Their conjuring 

 Tricks. — Reverence paid to the Dead. — A Samoiede Oath. — Appearance of the Samoiedes. — Their 

 Dress. — A Samoiede Belle. — Character of the Samoiedes. — Their decreasing Numbers.— Traditions of 

 ancient Heroes 1"9 



CHAPTER XV. 



THEOSTIAKS. 



WTiat is the Obi.? — Inundations. — An Ostiak summer Yourt.— Povert}'- of the Ostiak Fishermen.— A 

 winter Yourt. — Attachment of the Ostiaks to their ancient Customs.— An Ostiak Prince. — Archeiy. 

 — Appearance and Character of the Ostiaks.— The Fair of Obdorsk 185 



CHAPTER XVI. 



CONQUEST OF SIBERIA BY THE EDSSIANS— THEIR VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY ALONG THE SHORES OF THE 



POLAR SEA. 



Ivan the Terrible.— StrogonofF.—Yermak, the Robber and Conqueror.— His Expeditions to Siberia.— 

 Battle of Tobolsk.— Yermak's Death.— Progress of the Russians to Ochotsk.— Semen Deshnew.— 

 Condition of the Siberian Natives under the Russian Yoke. — Voyages of Disccn'ery in the Reign of 

 the Empress Anna. — Prontschischtschew. — Chariton and Demetrius Laptew. — An Arctic Heroine. 

 — Schalaurow. — Discoveries in the Sea of Bering and in the Pacific Ocean. — The Liichow Islands. — 

 Fossil Ivory.— New Siberia.— The wooden Mountains.— The past Ages of Siberia 191 



