476 



INDEX. 



Icebergs, "calving" of, 54. 



, crumbling of, 54. 



Ice-blink, description of the phenomenon of, 54. 



, its advantages to the Arctic navigator, 54. 



Ice-fields, 46. 



-. , hummocks on, AG. 



, collision of, 48. 



, dangers caused by, to ships, 48. 



Ice-grotto of Siirts-hellir, 77. 

 Iceland, volcanic origin of, 68. 



J the country in winter and in summer, 68, 79. 



, sterile portions of tlie island, 69. 



, its immense ice-iields, 69. 



, its lava-streams, 69, 77. 



, the burning mountains of Krisuvik, 69. 



, the mud-caldrons and hot springs, 70. 



, the Great Geysir, 71. 



, the Strokkr, 72. 



, crystal pools, 73. 



, the Almannagja, 73, 74. 



, the Surts-hellir, or caves of Surtur, 77. 



, rivers and cascades of, 78. 



, influence of the ocean currents on the cli- 

 mate, 78. 



, mean anmial temperature, 79. 



■ , absence of trees in, 79. 



, vegetation and condition of agriculture, 79. 



, indigenous land quadrupeds, 80. 



, cattle of the Icelanders, 80. 



, beverages, 80. 



, mode of shearing sheep, 80. 



, characteristics and number of horses, 80. 



, the reindeer, 80, 81. 



, the polar bear, 81. 



, the eider-duck, 81, 88. 



, the giant auk, 85, 86. 



, Icelandic fish and fishing season, 86, 87. 



, hospitality of the people, 87. 



, minerals of the countrj', 88. 



, fuel used by the Icelanders, 88. 



, history of, 89. 



, Naddodr's discovery of the Ice Land, 89 ; 



which he named Snowland, 90. 



, circumnavigated by the pirate Gadar, and 



called by him Gardar's holm, 90. 



, visited by the viking Floki, and called by 



him Iceland, 90. 



, foundation of Reykjavik by Ingolfr and Leif, 



90. 

 , exodus from Norwaj^ to, 91. 



■ , introduction of the Norwegian language and 



customs, 91. 



, code of laws of Uffliot the Wise, 91. 



, the ancient Althing at Thingvalla, 91, 92. 



, introduction of Christianity into the island, 



92. 



, the golden age of Icelandic literature, 94. 



, history of, annexation of the island to Nor- 

 way, 95. 



, its subsequent misfortunes, 95. 



, volcanic eruptions, 95. 



, misery caused by the curse of monopoly, 97. 



, hope for the future of the islanders, 97. 



, account of the Icelanders of the present dav, 



98. 



, Skalkott, the former capital of the island, 98. 



, the present capital, Reykjavik, 100. 



, state of trade in, 100. 



, the merchant and the peasant, 101. 



, temperate habits of the people, 101. 



, condition cf agriculture, 102. 



Iceland, a harvest home, 102. 



, winter life, 102, 108, 109. 



, huts of the Icelanders, 102, 103. 



, churches, 104. 



, clergymen all blacksmiths, 101 ; note, 106 : 



their poverty, 106-108. 



, the Iceland poet, John Thorlakson, 107. 



■ -, education of the clerg}' and children, 108, 109. 



• , industry and thirst fcr knowledge of the peo- 

 ple, 109 ; their language, 109. 



, the library of Rej'kjavik, 109. 



, the Icelandic Literarj- Societj', 110. 



, Icelandic newspapers, 110. 



, health of the people, 110. 



, difficulties and expense of travelling, 110-113. 



moss, eaten and exported by the Icelanders, 



79. 



moss, food for the deer of Spitzbergen, 137. 



, in the treeless zone, 21. 



Idols of the Samoiedes, 180. 

 IglooKk, island of, 848. 



lligliuk, the Esquimaux, her intelligence and pas- 

 sion for music, 348. 

 Indians, Red, their enmity with the Esquimaux, 294. 

 , their decimation by smallpox and drunken- 

 ness, 308. 

 , effbrts of the Hudson's Bay Company to civ- 

 ilize them, 312, 313. 



, the beaver skin their standard of exchange 



with the Company, 313. 



Inglefield, Captain, his search for Franklin, 359. 



, his discoveries, 365. 



Ingolfr, the Norwegian yarl, his visit to Iceland, 

 and foundation of Reykjavik, 90. 



Innuits, the, see also Esquimaux, 433, 467. 



, tlieir character, 439, 461. 



, amusement of, 440. 



■ , their dwellings, 443, 457, 402. 



, distress in winter, 444. 



, seal, feasts of, 445. 



, mode of capturing seals, 446, 448, 452. 



, their dogs, 445, 450, 454. 



, their opinion of the bear, 451. 



, mode of hunting the walrus, 454. 



, their implements, 456. 



, mode of constructing an igloo, 457, 



, their use of the reindeer, 458. 



, their clothing, 460. 



, reindeer feasts, 459. 



, food and mode of eating, 460. 



, their religious ideas, 460. 



, treatment of the sick, 461. 



, gradual extinction, 462. 



Insects of Taimurland, 227. 



Irish colonists on the Westm^n Island?, 115. 



Irkutsk, extreme cold of, 208. 

 j , Wrangell's visit to, 233. 



, summer flowers of, 233. 



I Iron mines near Drontheim, 124. 



Isabella, Cape, discovery of, ,365. 



Ishemsk, Castren's visit to, 174. 

 ' , the Isprawnik of, and his wife, 174, 176. 



Islands within the Arctic Circle, barren grounds of 

 1 the, 18. 

 ! Isleif, the oldest chronicler of the North, 98. 



Issakow, of Kem, rounds the north-eastern extrem- 

 ity of Nova Zembla, 150. 



Italinenes, cruelty of their conquerors, the Rus- 

 sians, 198. 



Ivan Wasiljewitsch I., first Czar of Russia, his de- 

 feat of the Tartars, 191. 



