480 



INDEX. 



Nortlj Pole, opinions of other scientiBc authorities 



as to the best way to reach, 374. 

 North-west passage to India, attempts to discover 

 the, 342, 343. 



. J ]\I'Clure's discovery of the, 3G0. 



'company of Canada, formation and trade of 



the, 307. 



< , its wars with the Hudson's Bay Company, 



and final amalgamation, 308-310. 

 Northumberland Sound, temperature of. 28. 

 Nototheiiia, the, of the Antarctic seas, 400. 

 Norwav, the lemming of the Dovrefjeld, in, 42. 



, an absolute monarcliy established by Harold 



Haarfager in, 90. 



, causes of the mild climate of the coast of, 121. 



, condition of the soil, and of the cultivators 



of it, 121-123. 

 , constitution of, and education of the people, 



121. 



, population of, 121. 



, coast scenery of, 123. 



, Diontheim and its industry, 124. 



, birds of the coast of, 124, 125. 



, the herring and cod fisheries of, 125-128. 



Nova Zembla, investigations of the shores of, 147. 



, circumnavigated by Pachtussow, 147, 148. 



, meteorological observations of Ziwolka, 150. 



■ , the climate of, 151. 



. , Yon Baer's scientific journey, 151. 



, scientific results of his journey, 152, 153. 



, vegetation of, 153. 



■ , solitude and silence of, 154. 



, rarity of insects in, 154. 



, lemmings and foxes of, 154. 



, birds of, 154. 



, other animals of, 154, 155. 



, wintering of the Dutch under Barentz at, 340. 



Novgorod, the Great, subdued by the Czar Ivan I., 



191. 

 Nowodsikoff, Michael, his discoveries, 201. 

 Nudibranchiata, enormous numbers of, in the Polar 



seas, 59. 

 NuUipores on the coast of Greenland. 59. 

 Nun, or Jilibeambaertje, the Supreme Being of the 



Samoiedes, 179. 



Obdorsk, Castren's visit to, 174. 



, description of the town, 188. 



, the fair at, 189. 



Obi river, importance of, 17. 



, liarren grounds near the, 22. 



, its importance to the Ostiaks, 185. 



, Castren's journey to the, 174. 



, misery caused b}' the ovei-flow of the, 175. 



, inhabitants of the banks of the, 175. 



Ochota river, the, 246. 



Ochotsk, sea of, reached by a party of Cossacks 

 195. 



, descriptionof the town, 246. 



Olaf Truggeson, King of Norway, sends a mission- 

 ary to Iceland, 93, 94. 



Olginsk, gold mine of, 218. 



Olonez, number of bears killed for their skins everj' 

 year in, 212. 



Ommaney, Captain, his search for Franklin, 357. 



, his discovery of Franklin's first winter-quar- 

 ters, 357. 



Onkilon, or sedentar}' Tchuktchi, 267. 



, their mode of life, 267. 



Oraefa Jcikul, height of, 69. 



, eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, 



95. 

 Orange Island, visited by Barentz, 339. 

 Ore. See Grampus. 

 Osborne, Captain Sherard, his opinion as to tha 



method of reaching the North Pole, 374. 

 Ostiaks, their fishing-grounds on tlie Obi, 175. 



, their summer huts and mode of life, 185, 186. 



, their poverty, 186. 



, their winter huts, 186. 



, their attachment to their ancient customs, 



186, 187. 



, their clans, and princes, or chieftains, 187. 



., their excellence as archers, 187. 



, their personal appearance, and customs, 188. 



, annual tribute levied by Yermak, the robber, 



on them, 194. 

 , confirmed by the Czar in the possession of 



their lands, 199. 

 Ostrich, Darwin's, of Patagonia, 420. 

 Ostrownoje, town and fair of, 263-265. 

 Otter, the sea-, or kalan {Enhydris lutris), value of 



the fur of the, 211,212. 



— , description of, 211. 



— , chase of the, in Kamchatka, 258. 



— hunting of the Aleuts, 273. 

 Otter, the fish- {Lutra Canadensis), 317. 



, fur of the, 317. 



Owl, its favorite food, 43. 



■ , its winter in the highest latitudes, 43. 



Ox, the, in Iceland, 80. 



Ovster, most northerly limit where found, 126. 



Pachtussow, his circumnavigation of the southern 

 island of Nova Zembla, 148. 



, his second voyage and death, 149, 150. 



Pack-ice, 46. 



, its tendency to separate in calm weather, 54. 



Paikoft', his discovery of the Fox Islands, 201. 



Parrots of Patagonia, 420. 



Parry, Lieut. W. E. (afterwards Admiral Sir), his 



Arctic voyages, 344. 



, his second voyage, 348. 



— ^— , his third voyage, 349. 



, abandonment of the " Fury," 349. 



, his boat and sledge journey towards the Pole, 



350. 



, his subsequent career, 351. 



Parry, Mount, discovery of, 369. 



, Dr. Hayes's journey to, 373, 374. 



, Mountains, discovery of the, 403. 



Pasina river, scanty population of the, 220. 

 Patagonia, Captain Fitzroy's survey of, 415. 



, the people of, 4] 7, 420. 



, difference of climate between the east and 



west, 417. 



— , aridity of the east of, 417, 418. 



— , large rivers of, 418. 



— , animals of, 418, 419. 



— , introduction of the horse, 424. 



— , fashions of the Patagonians, 421. 



— , t^ieir religious ideas, 421. 



— , their superstitions and astronomical knowl- 

 edge, 422. 



— , their division into tribes, 422. 



— , their huts, 422. 



— . their trading routes, 423. 



