INDEX. 



483 



Sea-o:ter, value of the skin and former numbers of 



the, 201, 202. 

 Sedger river, romantic scenery of the, 410. 

 Semple, Governor, murder of, 308. 

 Sertularians on the coasts of Greenland, 59. 

 Service-trees iu the Arctic regions, 24. 

 Shark, basking, on the northern coasts of Iceland, 

 87. 



, its uses to the islanders, 87. 



, oil manufactured from its liver, 87. 



, the northern {Scpnnus microcephalus), abund- 

 ance of, off Spitzbergen, 137. 



, fishery of, cm the coast of Greenland, 387. 



Sheep, wild (Ovis montana), of the Rocky Mount- 

 ains, description of the, 41. 



, the, of Iceland, and their enemies, 80. 



, mode of sheep-shearing, 80. 



Shetland Islands, New, account of the, 392, 393. 



Shrimps off Spitzbergen, 133. 



Siberia, extent of the treeless zone of, 22. 



, character of the coniferae of, 23, 24. 



, tlie elk of, 39. 



, the roebuck and red deer of, 40. 



; the argali, or wild sheep of, 41. 



, the white dolphin in the rivers of, 61. 



, conquest of, by the Cossacks, for the Rus- 

 sians, 193, 194. 

 , final conquest of, by the Russians, and foun- 

 dation of Tobolsk, 195 et seq. 



, condition of tlie natives of, under the domihion 



of Russia, 197, 198.^ 



, scientific expeditions sent to, 200 et seq. 



, its past ages, 203. 



, its extent and capabilities, 204. 



, the exiles sent there, 204-206. 



, their condition there, 206. 



, condition of the West Siberian peasants, 207, 



208. 



, resources of the country, 208. 



, extremes of heat and cold, 208. 



, fur-bearing animals, 209 et seq. 



, the gold-fields of Eastern, and the miners, 214- 



216. 



, value of the produce of some of the mines 



217, 218. 



, entire value of the produce of gold in 1856 



and 1860, 218. 



, luxury and extravagance caused by the 



wealthy gold speculators, 218, 219. 



, the gold of the Ural, 219. 



; New, lemmings of, 27. 



, discovery of the islands of, 201, 202. 



, fossil ivoiy of, 202. 



Sibir, the capital of the Tartars in Siberia, 192. 



, taken by Yermak, the robber, for the Czar, 



194. 

 Simpson, Mr. Thomas, his Arctic land voyage, 355. 



, his discoveries, 356. 



, assassinated, 356. 



Sirowatsk}^, his discoverj' of the Archipelago of 



New Siberia, 203. 

 Skalholt, the ancient capital of Iceland, account of, 

 98. 



, its present condition, 99. 



, its meadow lands and scenery, 99. 



Skaptar jokul, 69 



, the great eruption of, in 1783, 95. 



Skates of Lapps, 161. 



Skeidara, Mr. Holland's journey across the, 111, 112. 



Skjalfandafijot river in Iceland, 78. 



Skogslappar, or Forest Lapps, account of th:-, 1G6. 



Sledges of the Lapps, 161. 



, the sacred sledge, Ilahengau, of the Samo;- 



edes, 180. 



Smith's Sound, temperature of, 27. 



, icebergs formed in, 48. 



, discovery of the entrance to, 343, 365. 



" Smoke, valley of," in Iceland, 70. 



Snorri Sturleson, the Herodotus of the North, ac- 

 count of him and his " Heimskringla," 94, 95. 



Snow-buntings of the "barren grounds," 18. 



Snow, its protection of the vegetation of the Arctic 

 regions, 19. 



, warmth caused by, 19. 



, no land yet found covered to the water's edge 



with eternal snow, 27. 



, amount of the fall of, in Taimurland, 225, 226. 



, probable diminution of the fall of, advancing 



towards tlie pole, 226. 



, its protection against cold, 226. 



Socialism among the Dog-rib Indians, 329. 



Solfataras of Iceland and Sicily compared, 88. 



Solovetskoi, convent of, 180. 



Sorcery of the Laplanders, 158. 



, of the Samoiedes, 180. 



Spain, salted cod-fish imported into, 129. 



Spasy, produce of the gold mine of, 218. 



Spirits, invisible, of the Samoiedes, 180, 181. 



Spitzbergen, flowers of, 20. 



, vast fields of ice in the plateau of, 27. 



, food of the reindeer of, 27. 



. proofs of a former milder climate in, 29, 30. 



, birds of, 43, 44. 



, apparent nearness of objects at, in cloar 



weather, 64. 



, the walrus of the coast of, 64. 



, description of the archipelago of, 131, 132. 



, the west coast, 132. 



, Scoresby's ascent of a mountain, and excur- 

 sion along the coast, 132, 133. 



, Magdalena bay, 133-136. 



, ice-clift's and avalanches of ice, 135. 



, scientific exploring expeditions sent to, 136. 



, flora and fauna of, 136, 137. 



■ , fisheries of, 139. 



, coal and drift-wood of, 137, 138. 



, history of, 138. 



, attempts made to colonize it, 139 -141. 



, Russian hunters' mode of wintering at, 142. 



, walrus and seal-fishing at, 142. 



, discover^' of, 340. 



Spout, the, of Newfoundland, 376. 

 Springs, hot, of Iceland, 70. 



, the Geysir, 71. 



, the Strokkr, 72. 



Spruce fir of the Hudson's Bay territory, 24. 

 Squirrel, value of the fur of the, 212. 

 Stadolski Island, visit of Pachtussovv to, 148. 

 Staduchin, Count Michael, his foundation of the 

 town of Nishnei-Kolymsk, 196, 197. 



navigates the sea eastward of Cape Schcbg- 



skoi, 197. 

 Stawinen river, 148. 

 Steller, G. W., notice of him, 248. 



, his scientific journey to Kamchatka, 248. 



, ill-treated by Bering, 250. 



, his sufferings on Bering's Island, 251. 



, death of his commander, Bering, 252. 



, his return to Kamcliatka, 252. 



, persecuted by the Siberian authorities, 250. 



, his death, 253. 



Stockfish of Iceland, 87. 



