484 



INDEX. 



Storms on the ^Yhite Sea, 109. 



of the Tundras, 172, 173. 



of the Arctic zone, 225, 22(j. 



off Newfoundland, c81. 



in the Antarctic ocean, 404, 405. 



^ the williwaws, or hurricane squalls, of the 



Straitof Magellan, 412. 

 Strogonoff, foundation of the Russian family of, 102, 



193. 

 Strokkr, description of the, 72. 

 Strongbow Indians of the Rocky Mountains, the, 



327. 

 Sukkertoppen, seen by Davis, 337. 

 Sulphur of Iceland, 88. 



, compared with that of Sicily, 88. 



Siunmer,the perpetual daylight of, 36. 



, fo{?s of, 54. 



in Taimurland, 225. 



Sun, the midnight, effect of, on icebergs, 50-52. 



Sunset, magnificence of a, 32. 



Surgut, Castren's visit to, 175. 



Surts-hellir, or caves of Surtur, description of, 77. 



Suslik, the, of Siberia, 212. 



, value of its fur, 212. 



Svatoinoss, Cape, fossil ivory at. 202. 

 Sviatoi-noss, doubled by the Russians, 200. 

 Swans of Iceland, 81, 84. 



Tabix, the imaginary Cape, of the Dutch naviga- 

 tors, 339. 



Tadibes, or sorcerers of the Samoiedes, 180. 



, their dress and incantations, 180. 



Tagilsk, Nishne, the gold-producing town of, 219. 



Taiga, inelancholv character of the, 230. 



, gold-fields of the, 213. 



Taimur Lake, visited by Lieut. Laptew, 200. 



, storm on the, 223. 



Taimur river, visited by Lieut. Laptew, 200. 



, Von Middendorff's journey to the, 221-223. 



Taimurland, endeavors of Prontschischtschew to 

 double the capes of, 200. 



, Middendorffs adventures in, 220, 221. 



, his observations on the climate and natural 



productions of, 225. 



, amount of the fall of snow in, 225, 226. 



Tana river, discovery of the, by Jelissei Busa, 195. 



Tarn Mount, Darwin's ascent of, 411. 



Tartars, their subjection of the Russians, 191. 



driven out by Ivan I., 191. 



permanently overthrown by Ivan II., 192. 



Tattooing, Cree Indian mode of, 323. 



Tchendoma, the, visited by Jelissei Busa, 195. 



Tchuktchi, barren grounds in the land of the, 21, 

 22. 



, the land of the. 262. 



, pipes of, 264. 



, their short summer, 262. 



, their independence and commercial enterprise, 



263. 



ladies, Matiuschkin's visit to some, 265. 



, amusements of the people, 266. 



, the wandering and sedentarj', 267. 



, their mode of life, 207. 



, population of the land of the, 267. 



Tea-parties at Nishne-Kolymsk, 2."8. 



Temperature of Rensselaer bay in mid-winter, 19, 

 20. 



, effect of the sea on, of the Arctic regions, 27. 



1 Temperature, influence of the winds on, 27. 



, former milder, of the Arctic regions, 29. 



, probable causes of the changes in the Arctic 



climate, 29. 



, the lowest ever felt by man, 28. 



' , how man is enabled to bear extraordinary low, 



1 28. 



of Iceland at different places, 78. 



Tennvson's Monument, Dr. Kane's description of, 



367. 

 Terror, Mount, 403. 

 Terski Lapps, Castren's attempted journev to the, 



170. 

 Thangbrand, Christian missionary to Iceland, 93, 



94. 

 Thingvalla, plain of, 76. 

 , site of the ancient Icelandic Althing at, 91, 



92. 



, pastor of, 104. 



, church of, 105. 



Thingvalla Lake, in Iceland, 92. 



Thiorsa river, in Iceland, 78. 



Thorlakson, .Jon, the poet of Iceland, account of 



him and his works, 107. 

 Thorne, Robert, his suggestion for sailing across the 



North Pole, 342. 

 Thorwald the traveller, the first Christian Icelander, 



his career, 92, 93. 

 Tides, effect of the, in preventing the accumulation 



o6 Polar ice, 57. 

 Tinne Indians, defeated by the Crees, 319. 



, their retaliation, 320. 



, their wars with the Blackfeet, 320. 



, their wigwams, or tents, 324. 



, various tribes of the, and their range, 327. 



, their appearance, manners, and customs, 327- 



329. 



, improvements in their condition, 329, 330. 



, their wives and children, 330. 



•, their cruelty to the aged, 330. 



Tjnmen, the first settlement of Russians in Siberia, 



195. 

 — '■ — , Steller's grave at, 253. 

 Tobacco, fondness of the Lapps for, 165, 167. 

 , eagerness of the wild tribes of the North for, 



264. 

 Tobolsk, battle of, 193, 195. 



, foundation of the city of, 195. 



, condition of the southern part, 207, 208. 



Tolstoi Ness, Castren's visit to, 177. 

 Tolstvch, Adrian, his discoveries, 201. 

 Tomsk, criminals of, 206, 207. 

 [ Tornea, reindeer gloves of, 37. 

 I Torsteinson Jon, the martyr of the Wcstman Isl- 

 I ands, 118. 

 Tookoolito, 442,466. 

 Train-oil of Troms.i, 128. 

 Transbaikalia, Castren's visit to, 177. 

 Travelling in Iceland, 110, 111. 

 Treeless zone of Europe, Asia, and America, 18-22. 

 Treurenberg bay, deer of, 137. 

 Trolladyngja, eruptions of, since the colonization of 



Iceland, 95. 

 Tronso, cod-fishery and cod-liver oil of, 128. 



, description of the town and island, 128. 



Tschirigow, his voyages, 201. 



Tucatuco (_Ctenomys Maffellanica), the, of Patagonia, 



419. 

 Tundri, or barren grounds of the Arctic regions, 18, 



19. 

 of the European Samoiedes, 171. 



